Bison might not come to mind when people think of Alaska, but wildlife officials hope to change that as they work to restore the state’s native population of wood bison.
Wood bison were essentially wiped out in Alaska by the 1910s and are still listed as a threatened species.
Reintroduction started in 2015 and there are now about 160 wood bison roaming wild in Alaska. Another 86 are in captivity there, awaiting reintroduction into the wild.
Wood bison could be regarded as “those other bison” that many folks might not know of or think about. But they’re not to be taken lightly.
As massive as Wyoming’s plains bison are, wood bison are about 15% larger.
While all bison are built for surviving harsh winters, wood bison are especially adapted for the worst of the worst in their native territory in northern Canada and Alaska.
There are also about 1,000 plains bison in Alaska. They aren’t native to the state, but about 20 were transplanted from Montana in the 1920s.
Hunting for plains bison is allowed in Alaska, with about 150 tags issued each year, Tom Seaton, the wood bison project biologist with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, told Cowboy State Daily.
It’s hoped that someday, wood bison will be plentiful enough to also be hunted, he said.
“The ultimate destination for this restoration project is to have hunting for wood bison as a renewable resource,” he said.
Wood bison are a different subspecies than Wyoming’s plain bison, and are adapted to harsh conditions in Canada and Alaksa. (Courtesy Sandcrane Hill Productions) 
Wood bison are indigenous to Alaksa, where efforts are underway to restore their numbers. (Courtesy Alaska Department of Fish and Game) 
Wood bison are a different subspecies than Wyoming’s plain bison, and are adapted to harsh conditions in Canada and Alaksa. (Courtesy Sandcrane Hill Productions) 
Wood bison are indigenous to Alaksa, where efforts are underway to restore their numbers. (Courtesy Alaska Department of Fish and Game)
A Bigger Subspecies
Wood bison are thought to have been in Canada and Alaska for at least 10,000 years, documentary filmmaker Herman Hannan told Cowboy State Daily.
He and his brother Sergius grew up in Alaska, and Sergius still lives there.
They recently finished production on “Winter Prairie: Finding the Bison of the Innoko,” a documentary about the wood bison reintroduction program.
Uncontrolled overhunting might have greatly contributed to the loss of Alaska’s wood bison, Seaton said. Records indicate that the last known wood bison in Alaska was shot around 1918.
Canada is providing wood bison for Alaska’s reintroduction program.
Though they are closely related and can interbreed, wood bison and plains bison are considered separate subspecies, according to the National Park Service.
Plains bison have massive heads with short noses and clearly defined shaggy capes that cover the upper portion of their bodies, the agency says.
Wood bison, on the other hand, have large triangular heads, less-defined shoulder capes and head hair, and more distinctive and larger shoulder humps.
Alaska is thought to have once had as many as 30,000 wood bison, Seaton said.
The Fish and Game Department and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service don’t expect to bring that many back.
The goal is to have an established population of a few thousand within the next 10 to 20 years, he said.
2022-23 Winter Was A Setback
Wildlife in Alaska suffered terribly during the hard winter of 2022-23, just as Wyoming wildlife did.
In Wyoming, pronghorn froze and starved by the tens of thousands, and the prized Wyoming Range mule deer herd was decimated.
Many of Yellowstone National Park’s bison died over that winter too.
In Alaska, many of the wood bison that had been reintroduced died that winter, Hannan said.
Critics of the reintroduction program took that as evidence that “wood bison don’t belong in the state,” he said.
However, he noted that other Alaska wildlife didn’t make it.
“About 50% of Alaska’s Dall sheep died that winter,” Hannan said.
Dall sheep are a wild sheep related to Wyoming’s bighorns.
Countless animals starved to death in Wyoming because snow piled up on wildlife’s lowland winter range — and then hardened so animals couldn’t get though to the forage below.
It was a similar situation in Alaska, Hannan said.
There were “rain/snow events” during which rain fell on top of snow.
Then temperatures plummeted and everything “froze up like concrete” so the bison couldn’t punch through with their hooves to get to food, he said.
Where’s The Habitat?
Wood bison are so named because they’re adapted to living in boreal forest landscapes, Hannan said.
He and Seaton said wood bison thrive in meadows interspersed among the forests.
The meadows might be swampy during the summer, but they freeze up and give the bison more open space to roam during the winter.
Bison are being reintroduced in three locations in Alaska, Seaton said: the Minto Flats State Game Refuge, Innoko National Wildlife Refuge and the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge.
Hannan said he’d like to see wood bison getting more love.
“Alaska has become an icon of wildlife, but people generally don’t think of it as a bison-watching destination,” he said.
“There isn’t as much publicity as you would think there might be about the native wood bison population,” Hannan added. “That’s what motivated my brother and I to tell this story."
Mark Heinz can be reached at mark@cowboystatedaily.com.
