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Headshot of Cowboy State Daily's general assignment reporter, Clair McFarland.

Clair McFarland

Government & Politics

Native American Tribes

A “Yellowstone” series TV actor posted a clip Tuesday of a Christian pastor preaching on the Wind River Indian Reservation and discouraging some of the Arapaho tribal religious ceremonies, saying “Jesus is everything...A pipe cannot hear your prayers.”

, garnering 31,000 views as of Wednesday afternoon and provoking outrage, particularly around the reservation.

Christian Wassana, an enrolled Cheyenne Arapaho of Oklahoma who played Martin Kills Many on “Yellowstone," described Foundations for Nations pastor Sarah Lucas’ message as, “A pastor speaking at a church on the Rez in Wyoming condemning Sundance, one of our oldest and most sacred ceremonies.”

Wassana said, “it feels like history repeating itself, with attempts to erase and discredit our traditional way of life.”

He said everyone has the right to practice his or her own faith, “but claiming that one path is the only path while belittling and condemning ours is deeply disheartening.”

In the Northern Arapaho tribe, the flat pipe is associated with the Creator, and some sun dance rituals center on the pipe and treat it as a sacred object.

[{"type":"text","text":"‘We Know That Jesus Is Enough’"}]

The full sermon was unavailable at least as of Wednesday. The one-minute, 38-second clip depicts Lucas paraphrasing from the Bible: “tear down the altars, tear down the idols.”

She spoke of “this nation” gathering in recent days, praying. The tribal members had just conducted their sun dance ceremony. 

Lucas’ church sits on private, not tribal, land within the reservation, on the east side near Riverton. Two tribes share that reservation: the Northern Arapaho and Eastern Shoshone.

“They prayed to pipes and they prayed to the ancestors, believing this is the way for their freedom. To get free from addiction, for people to be healed… This is what this culture did this week,” said Lucas.

[{"type":"text","text":"She urged the congregation to pray."}]

“Because we know that Jesus is enough. He’s enough. It’s not Jesus-plus. It’s Jesus everything. He’s everything,” said Lucas.

She referenced people she described as tribal members who have become Christians.

“And they understand the price… when they say that publicly. The persecution that can come with them publicly,” Lucas said. “But they know that this is it. Jesus is the chain breaker. He’s the only one that we should be praying to. A pipe cannot hear your prayers.”

[{"type":"text","text":"‘This Is Religious Warfare’"}]

[{"type":"text","text":"The backlash is immense."}]

Tribal members gathered Tuesday to protest in front of Riverton’s City Hall.

[{"type":"text","text":"Chris Friday, a protest leader, took to Facebook to call it a victory."}]

“SARAH LUAS (sic) openly spoke down on OUR sacred Grandpa pipe,” Friday wrote in a lengthy post featuring photographs from the protest. “She don’t know what we as Arapaho have been through, and still go through…. She should educate herself on tribal spirituality before talking on shit she doesn’t know. Because this is religious warfare.”

Friday said the protestors wanted an apology. He called Foundations for Nations leaders “not good people” and told Arapaho tribal members to boycott the church.

“Don’t go to their food bank. Don’t go to their events. Don’t let your children go,” he wrote. “We want them out of Arapaho land forever. They no longer are welcome here.”

Friday told Cowboy State Daily in a later interview that the "Grandpa pipe is our spiritual leader” and “our connection with the Creator.” 

Friday added, "They can leave, you know. They’re not welcome here anymore."

[{"type":"text","text":"Absolute Truth"}]

Desiree Henderson, a woman who described herself as a four-year member of the church’s ministry, posted a nearly 17-minute video in the church’s defense.

She said she’d never serve under a ministry that manipulates people or manipulates the gospel.

“But what most people don’t get to see when they’re not part of the inner workings of a ministry is the unbelievable sacrifices that are made. The unbelievable generosity and giving of their own time and resources that people give,” said Henderson. 

She said she knows the character of Sarah Lucas and her husband Jason, “and their heart to give” as well as the criticism and gossip they endure.

Henderson said she understands “the upset” and would align with it if she “didn’t know the Lord.”

[{"type":"text","text":"“But I do know the Lord,” said Henderson."}]

She described a dichotomy between the philosophy “of the world,” that truth is relative, and the belief that absolute truth exists.

“In the natural world, gravity is an absolute truth,” she said. “And if you defy gravity, you’re going to experience the consequences of it.”

Henderson said there are absolute, spiritual truths that exist “whether you believe it or not,” and that the Bible is the metric for finding that truth. She also encouraged people to question and study the Christian faith rather than adopt it blindly.

Numerous Facebook users posted negative comments 

[{"type":"text","text":"Didn’t Hide The Ball"}]

Foundations for Nations was overt about its beliefs and goals before the Sundance message went viral.

 a multi-cultural, multi-generational church seeking for people to “have a relationship with God, be ignited to reach people with the good news about Jesus, and work together to impact communities.”

Its statement of belief says that Jesus is “the only way to heaven and the only name that can be called upon to gain eternal life.”

The church incorporated in Wyoming and settled on the reservation in 2017.

[{"type":"text","text":"Lucas declined to comment Wednesday to Cowboy State Daily."}]

In a 2018 interview for a news feature, Lucas told local news outlet The Ranger that she and her family were building a massive play and recreation in the area of Arapahoe (town, not tribe). She said they would gear their ministry toward children who were having hardships at home.

“We inspire hope and change; we tell them their worth and their value” and teach them Biblical principles along the way, said Lucas at the time.

That summer the Lucases and visiting volunteers hosted a six-week summer program to offer kids what Lucas described as both fun and guidance.

Before launching the church, the Lucases planned it for six years. She said the goal was to help “families that are so broken that they don’t have any hope,” and to “share Jesus with them.”

[{"type":"text","text":"Figured It Would Blow Up"}]

Wassana told Cowboy State Daily in a Wednesday interview that he figured his post would blow up. He said he’s part Arapaho and though he descends from the southern, rather than the northern band based in Wyoming, he has family members in the north and considers the bands “one tribe.”

Wassana referenced tribal members’ darker history with past, Christian-affiliated missions, such as the boarding schools that forbade the children from speaking their native languages.

He said Lucas’ message equated to a tribal member walking into a Christian church and maligning the cross.

Lucas had, however, preached her message in a private Christian church, on private land. People attend the church voluntarily. 

Wassana acknowledged the distinction, but said the affront stems from the church opening its doors to children, in particular.

“Whenever you have somebody who’s a trusted adult, religious leader in the community saying these things, going against our ceremonies, saying they’re wrong, it can create a lot of confusion fear and shame for our children,” said Wassana. “We don’t want our young people growing up feeling like they have to choose between being accepted or embracing who they are because a leader they see is teaching those kinds of things.”

[{"type":"text","text":"Boarding Schools"}]

Indian boarding schools proliferated in the nation a century ago, many run by religious groups and funded with federal money.

Historical accounts tell of tribal leaders who wanted their kids to gain an education, a federal government that wanted to assimilate the kids and religious leaders who wanted to convert them.

Northern Arapaho sub-chief Sharp Nose sent his son, Little Chief, to the Carlisle boarding school in Pennsylvania in the late 1800s, hoping the boy could learn skills from the white man for surviving in the new culture.

Little Chief died in the school’s infirmary in 1883 and was buried on school grounds – a common occurrence for tribal children.

Jesuits came to the Wind River Indian Reservation and built St. Stephen’s Indian School in 1884.

Henderson countered claims and fears of modern-day assimilation in her video. She spoke with admiration of an East Indian (not American Indian) convert named Sundar Singh, who embraced the culture, clothing, and customs of India while preaching about Jesus, even dressing as a Hindu spiritual leader. 

[{"type":"text","text":"The Christian and Arapaho faith traditions differ from one another."}]

John G. Carter, researcher for the Smithsonian Institution, penned a Nov. 23, 1936, letter to M.W. Stirling, Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, describing “the first eye witness description of the Flat Pipe by a white man, and the first eye witness account of a ceremony held in honor of this Pipe.”

In the Arapaho creation story, wrote Carter in the treatise that followed, a global flood covered the earth, and a man walked on the water clutching a pipe. He fasted and wept. He sent animals into the water to bring land from the sea bottom to make the earth, and the turtle succeeded in that task, the account says.

“And with this the man, or the grandfather makes the land” and eventually the Arapaho people, wrote Carter.

“The myth implies that either the world was made at the Flat Pipe’s request, or because of the Flat Pipe, and in order to provide a place on which the Flat Pipe could rest,” Carter added. He said the Arapaho view the flat pipe as an “exceedingly holy object” held in the highest possible veneration and respect.

[{"type":"text","text":"The Christian tradition also involves a global flood. "}]

But first, Genesis tells that in the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth – and ultimately a man and a woman.

The man and woman sinned by disobeying God, but God promised to send a savior. Thousands of years later, the savior came as Jesus, who is God incarnate and who, as the son counterpart to God the Father, was also involved in creation, according to the biblical book of John.

And Jesus allowed the bloodthirsty and jealous authority figures of his day to torture him to death. He then rose from the dead, redeeming those who believe in him with his own sacrifice, the New Testament says. 

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Cowboy State Daily is Wyoming’s largest newspaper with Wyoming’s most experienced journalists. 

<title>Arapaho Members Furious At Christian Preacher Who Spoke Against Rituals | Cowboy State Daily</title>

Several Northern Arapaho Tribe members are outraged at a Christian pastor who spoke against their religious customs and encouraged worship of Jesus instead. One Arapaho member told Cowboy State Daily that the church is "not welcome here anymore."

Arapaho Members Furious At Christian Preacher Who Spoke Against Rituals

Jen Kocher - Headshot CSD

Jen Kocher

Public Safety

The Jane Doe found dead on Interstate 25 near Cheyenne in April has been identified as Brittany Smith, a 37-year-old Wyoming woman.

Smith was struck by a northbound Kia Sportage on the on-ramp from Missile Drive on April 20, according to Aaron Brown, senior public relations specialist with the Wyoming Highway Patrol. Her home town was unavailable at publication time.

Smith had been a pedestrian standing in the roadway, Brown said in an email. She succumbed to her injuries at the scene despite life-saving efforts by troopers.  

No charges or citations are pending, Brown said.

two unidentified people who two amateur genealogists in Cheyenne

 were attempting to track down by their distinctive tattoos.

Megan McWilliams and Ashley Kroner, Cheyenne sisters who run Genetics Uncovered, identified Smith and a second man— found deceased in Cheyenne in early June — through the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs) database, the country’s only national clearinghouse for missing and unidentified persons.

Neither file contained much information, but both Does had distinct tattoos. The sisters posted them on their Facebook page, hoping someone would recognize them. 

Kroner said Smith’s mother saw the poster on their page and the appropriate contact information. Her mother commented on the post and then messaged the sisters, thanking them for their help.

This is just part of their efforts to help give the unidentified back their name.

"Too many souls are known only as 'Does' in this world, and we’re deeply grateful that she is no longer one of them — that she has found her way home,” Kroner said.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Still Trying To ID John Doe"}]

[{"type":"text","text":"The John Doe soon will be next."}]

Family members who saw the John Doe’s tattoos contacted McWilliams and Kroner, and that case is now moving toward identification as well.

Laramie County Coroner Rebecca Reid, who is overseeing both investigations, told Cowboy State Daily that her office has 180 days to complete them.

The unidentified male was found unresponsive in the 800 block of South Greeley Highway in Cheyenne on June 6.

He wasn slumped in a kneeling position alongside a commercial building with no cellphone or any other identification, according to Chance Walkama with the Laramie County Sheriff’s Office. He said the office was waiting for the coroner’s report with cause and manner of death from Reid’s office.

Walkama said in an earlier interview that foul play is not currently suspected.

Laramie County Sheriff spokesperson Brandon Warner did not respond to a request for an update on the John Doe investigation.

Missile drive 7 8 26

<title>Jane Doe Found Dead On I-25 On-Ramp In April ID'd As Wyoming Woman | Cowboy State Daily</title>

The Jane Doe found dead on Interstate 25 near Cheyenne in April has been identified as Brittany Smith, a 37-year-old Wyoming woman. Smith was struck by a northbound Kia Sportage on the on-ramp from Missile Drive on April 20.

Jane Doe Found Dead On I-25 On-Ramp In April ID'd As Wyoming Woman

Kolby fedore

Kolby Fedore

The Wyoming Department of Health has confirmed three cases in 2026 of cyclosporiasis, or “explosive diarrhea”, according to Surveillance Epidemiologist Matt Peterson.

The illness is caused by the microscopic parasite 

, which commonly triggers profuse watery diarrhea, severe cramping, bloating, nausea, fatigue, loss of appetite, and weight loss.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

 says symptoms typically begin two days to two weeks after a person consumes contaminated food or water, making it difficult for many patients to remember exactly what they ate before becoming sick.

Two Wyoming patients likely contracted the parasite while traveling to countries where Cyclospora is endemic, Peterson told Cowboy State Daily.

[{"type":"text","text":"The third patient, however, had no history of international travel."}]

The department did not identify the locations of the affected individuals.

The CDC is investigating a growing number of Cyclospora infections across the United States while working with state health departments and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to identify the contaminated food responsible.

"At this time, we do not know if that case is related to any existing cluster or outbreak, but we are continuing to investigate the possibility," Peterson said.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Weeks In The Bathroom"}]

Peterson said anyone experiencing prolonged watery diarrhea, especially if symptoms disappear and later return, should contact a physician and ask about testing.

Without treatment, cyclosporiasis can linger for weeks or even months, sometimes improving just enough to make people think they're recovering before roaring back with another round of illness.

Unlike viruses such as norovirus, Cyclospora generally does not spread directly from one sick person to another.

The CDC notes the parasite isn't infectious when it leaves a person's body. Instead, it must spend days to weeks maturing in the environment before it can infect someone else, making person-to-person transmission extremely uncommon.

Diagnosing the illness can also be challenging. Routine stool tests don't always detect Cyclospora, and physicians often must order specialized testing if they suspect the parasite.

[{"type":"text","text":"Nearly all U.S. infections are linked to contaminated food or water."}]

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"What's Causing It?"}]

Health officials still don't know exactly what's fueling this summer's outbreak.

Investigators with the CDC, FDA and state health departments are interviewing patients about everything they ate in the weeks before becoming ill, searching for common ingredients that could reveal the source. Because symptoms might not appear for up to two weeks, tracing the outbreak has proven especially difficult.

Past U.S. outbreaks have been linked to fresh produce, including cilantro, basil, raspberries, lettuce, mesclun greens and snow peas.

 washing produce helps remove dirt and many germs but might not completely remove Cyclospora. The parasite can cling tightly to fresh fruits and vegetables, making cooking the most effective way to eliminate it.

That makes Wyoming vulnerable even though the parasite isn't naturally found here.

"Because Cyclospora is not endemic here, imported fresh produce is always the most likely vehicle," Peterson said.

He said cooking food to an internal temperature of 158 degrees Fahrenheit will kill or inactivate the parasite. Choosing locally grown produce when available might also reduce the risk.

Peterson said Wyoming residents aren't insulated simply because they live far from major farming regions. Grocery stores across the state receive produce through the same national distribution networks that supply much of the country.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Significant Growth"}]

The Wyoming cases come as public health officials investigate what has become one of the country's most significant Cyclospora outbreaks in years.

While the CDC's most recent nationwide surveillance report documented 145 domestically acquired cases across 17 states through mid-June, the outbreak has grown rapidly. Michigan has reported nearly 1,000 illnesses, prompting state officials to describe it as the largest Cyclospora outbreak in the state's history. Ohio has also confirmed hundreds of cases as investigators continue searching for a common source.

Although the CDC has not yet linked every state to a single contaminated product, the scale of illnesses has made this one of the largest Cyclospora outbreaks the United States has experienced in recent years.

While the Wyoming Department of Health is still investigating whether the state's lone non-travel-related case is connected to the broader outbreak, Peterson emphasized that residents shouldn't panic.

Wyoming health-care providers are equipped to diagnose and report cyclosporiasis, and the department will continue working with the CDC to determine whether Wyoming's cases become linked to the national investigation.

If a contaminated food product tied to Wyoming is identified, public health officials say they will notify residents and coordinate guidance with the Wyoming Department of Agriculture.

Until then, health officials recommend washing fresh produce, cooking foods when appropriate, choosing locally grown produce when available and contacting a health-care provider if diarrhea lasts for days, returns after improving or is accompanied by significant weight loss.

Welcome sign and stool 7 8 26

<title>'Explosive Diarrhea' Parasite Reaches Wyoming As Health Officials Seek Source | Cowboy State Daily</title>

Wyoming has confirmed three cases of a parasite known for causing explosive weekslong diarrhea, cramping, bloating, nausea, fatigue, weight loss, and more. The likely source is imported fresh produce, Wyoming epidemiologist Matt Peterson says.

'Explosive Diarrhea' Parasite Reaches Wyoming As Health Officials Seek Source

Heinz mark

Mark Heinz

Wildlife

Two experienced Wyoming outdoorswomen said a large black bear aggressively entered their camp in the Bighorn Mountains late Sunday and refused to leave, despite shouting, shining lights, firing a shot at its paws and four large dogs barking.

A second gunshot finally drove the bear away. The women, Shonna Kaye Dehl of Lovell and Maggie Bassett of Powell, retreated to their vehicles for about an hour.

Then they came out, grabbed their sleeping bags and headed to a cabin owned by Dehl’s family.

When they returned in the morning they discovered “the bear had come back and the night and had just completely ripped everything apart,” Bassett told Cowboy State Daily.

‘I Felt The Bear Hit The Side Of The Tent’

Dehl and Bassett are experienced campers, hikers and hunters. For several years, they’ve taken summer camping trips together in the Bighorns.

This year, they were camped on Fool Creek off Dayton Gulch Road with their dogs. Bassett has two German shepherds, and Dehl has a Labrador retriever and a German shepherd.

Bassett said they had just gone to bed in their tents when the bear came into camp at about 11 p.m.

“I felt the bear hit the side of the tent,” she said. “My dogs growled and I yelled, ‘Hey! Get out of here, bear!’ ” she said.

“It just hit the tent harder and I heard the tent starting to rip.” 

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Total Chaos In Camp"}]

Bassett said she grabbed her flashlight and pistol and started to exit her tent.

She said her pistol is a .38 Special revolver “that is basically just a small, self-defense firearm” made to stop a human attacker, not a bear – but it would have to do.

“I fired a shot at the bear’s feet because I hoped that would scare it off, but it didn’t,” Bassett said.

By that time, Dehl was coming out of her tent with her flashlight and pistol. Her firearm, a 10mm semi-automatic loaded with hardcast ammunition, is much better suited for dealing with bears.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"}],"text":"The campsite erupted into chaos."}]

“We were both screaming and yelling at it, being as loud as we could be,” Dehl said.

At first, the dogs were fiercely barking at the bear.

“That bear couldn’t give a crap about our dogs,” Bassett said. “They quickly understood that they were outmatched. They just went back over by the vehicle and waited quietly.”

Dehl and Bassett have both seen plenty of bears in the wild. And by their estimation, the bear was mature, large and most likely a boar, or male.

They added that because the bear was so aggressive, some people have asked if it was a grizzly.

There have been rumors of grizzlies in the Bighorns for years. But only one has been confirmed.

In April 2024, wildlife agents killed a grizzly bear that was attacking cattle 

Bassett is a wildlife artist and said she’s confident the bear was a black bear.

Dehl agreed that she got a good look at the bear in the light from the flashlights, and it was a black bear.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Shaking From Adrenaline"}]

Dehl said that despite having the more powerful firearm, she hesitated to shoot because she couldn’t get a clear shot.  

Bassett said she didn’t want to hurt or kill the bear. But because it just wouldn't leave, she fired a second shot “at it,” and the bear finally retreated.

She added that after her experience, she wants to get a 10mm pistol “like Shonna’s.”

The women likewise retreated to their vehicles and waited inside with their dogs.

“That’s one of those instances when you’re trying to recover from what just happened, and shaking with adrenaline,” Bassett said.

Dehl said she looked at the clock in her vehicle and it said 11:20 p.m. That means it had taken about 20 minutes to drive the bear out of their camp.

They waited for what felt like just a few minutes but was probably closer to an hour, she said.

“By the time we grabbed our sleeping bags, made it over to the cabin and got settled in, it must have been about 2 a.m. (Monday),” Dehl said.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Bear Never Got Food"}]

They returned the next day and found their camp completely torn apart.

They searched for blood or other evidence they'd shot the bear but found none, Bassett said.

Dehl said that after posting about her experience on social media “to get the word out and warn people,” she and Bassett have gotten flack about what they should have done, or what they did wrong.

They said that amounts to armchair quarterbacking by people who weren’t there.

Dehl said they followed all the same bear-safety protocols they would have followed in grizzly country, including keeping a clean camp and their food securely stored.

“The bear never got any food out of this,” even when it came back and trashed the camp, Bassett said.

One lesson the incident taught her was not to rely on dogs for protection from bears.

“I think they would still protect me if a strange human tried entering my camp,” she said.

She and Dehl noted that while their dogs didn’t confront the bear, they at least didn’t make the situation worse by trying to cower between their owners’ legs, as dogs sometimes do during bear attacks.

The dogs’ behavior matches extensive research into bear incidents involving dogs by bear biologist Tom Smith of Brigham Young University in Utah.

Smith previously told Cowboy State Daily that dogs will 

 during bear incidents rather than trying to fight the bears.  

The exceptions are specially bred and trained dogs, such as 

Dehl said that after their ordeal, she and Bassett are “rethinking” their approach to camping, and might stick to cabins and hard-sided campers.

Two experienced Wyoming outdoorswomen said a large black bear aggressively entered their camp in the Bighorns late Sunday and turned it into "total chaos." When they returned the next day after escaping to a cabin, their camp was completely torn apart.

Jessica Ann (Curry) Gadbaw, 37