Daily Darwin

[{"type":"text","text":"Bob’s build a helicopter from used vacuum parts goes awry…"}]

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"NOTE: Bob was not injured."}]

Darwin 5 23 24

Cowboy State Daily is Wyoming’s largest newspaper with Wyoming’s most experienced journalists. 

<title>Daily Darwin: Thursday, May 23, 2024 | Cowboy State Daily</title>

Bob’s build a helicopter from used vacuum parts goes awry…

Daily Darwin: Thursday, May 23, 2024

 Bob’s build a helicopter from used vacuum parts goes awry… NOTE: Bob was not injured.

Headshot of Cowboy State Daily reporter, Dale Killingbeck

Dale Killingbeck

Wyoming Life

He was a longtime cowboy and foreman on a noted cattle ranch, cattle inspector for a few months, and gained the respect of Laramie County while serving as undersheriff.

Frank Roach stepped into the top job when his predecessor died in 1912 of kidney disease.

After being elected in 1914 and serving his own term, the 42-year-old sheriff headed out to investigate the reported theft of three horses and gear from a cattle ranch 18 miles west of Cheyenne on Sunday morning, April 30, 1916. 

The ranch was owned by Hans Nielson, but ran by Niels Nielson, who was no relation to his boss.

Married two years, Roach and his wife had just become parents of a baby boy. His wife was a Scottish immigrant and daughter of a banker who invested in Swan Land & Cattle Company. The couple met while Roach worked for Swan as foreman.

His wife was still recovering from the birth.

Once at the ranch, the sheriff and one of the Nielsons tracked the thieves through light snow that had fallen the previous day to the Colorado line and lost the trail as the day wore on. They came to ranch on the Colorado side and the rancher contacted neighboring ranches to warn them about horse thieves in the area.

At the Webster ranch just to the south, the matron of the ranch had news Roach wanted to hear.

“Two men answering the description given by him were at that moment eating a meal she had given them in her home,” the Fort Collins Express reported on May 4, 1916. “She was requested to hold them at the ranch house if possible.”

However, the suspects, Clyde B. Pearson, 27, and Cornelius Gray, 21, known as “Pete Burns,” heard the conversation and told Webster they would not stay in her barn. Instead, the went into the ranch’s pasture, camped in a box canyon and started a fire.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Box Canyon Camp"}]

When Roach, Nielson and three other ranchers recruited as posse members arrived, they could see the fire but noted the box canyon gave them an advantage if they tried to arrest them there.

Roach decided to wait until morning and figured they would return to the ranch’s barn for fresh horses. Instead the pair came back in the early morning for ammunition. They were not afraid to use bullets they already possessed.

Before Monday’s dawn on May 1, Roach and Nielson were shot and killed. The horse thieves mounted and tried to get away.

“Sheriff Roach and Nels Nelson (sic) Murdered by Two Horse Thieves,” the Wyoming Tribune reported in its fifth edition of the day on May 1, 1916, as it provided hungry readers with new information on the killings. “Officer and Granite Canyon Ranchman Shot Down at Webster Ranch South of Granite Canyon.”

Now, 110 years later, that sacrifice received special recognition from the Laramie County Sheriff’s Office.

On the anniversary of Roach’s death and at his gravesite in Cheyenne’s Lakeview Cemetery,

the department recently honored Roach and other officers from the county who have given their lives in the line of duty. A special marker characterizing the significance of Roach’s service and sacrifice was installed at his grave site and the department also introduced a five-point ring and star badge similar to what Roach wore. 

Laramie County Sheriff Brian Kozak said he was “humbled” and thankful for department deputies “correcting” an oversight and making sure that Roach’s sacrifice is always remembered.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Honoring Legacy"}]

Kozak plans to incorporate Roach’s sacrifice into part of the process of training new deputies.

“As sheriff, I will personally take deputies to the grave site to emphasize the meaning of the badge which is modeled after the one that Sheriff Roach wore,” he said. “The five points of the star represent our values —  brave, resilient, accountable, no-nonsense, dedicated and completing our mission, which is ‘Riding for the Brand’ as one team to fight crime.”

By all accounts in newspapers of the day, Roach took his law-enforcement role seriously and had the respect of those who knew him.

Born in Sussex County, Delaware, in 1874, Roach arrived in Wyoming 20 years later and joined the young men arriving in the West to wrangle cattle. He became foreman at the Swan Land & Cattle Company from 1902 to 1905.

In 1909 he was a cattle inspector for the state and then from September 1909 to February 1910 for the U.S. government. In 1910, he joined the Laramie County Sheriff’s Office as undersheriff. When Sheriff Lewellen Hughes died in January 1912, he was appointed sheriff to serve out his term.

When Roach came into office, his brother Alonzo S. Roach was serving as the sheriff of Platte County. Alonzo Roach would go on to become warden at the Wyoming State Prison in Rawlins.

Newspaper accounts show Roach was busy the month before his death chasing train robber William Carlisle. In August 1915 he was searching for a man who entered a ranch house and assaulted the rancher’s 20-year-old wife and their child.

An earlier case in 1913 had Roach arresting a respected ex-Cheyenne police officer who had served as a first sergeant in the U.S. Army. The man was illegally rustling cattle from a rancher. Hides from the rancher were found in a well.

On the early morning of his death, Roach had sent Nielson to the Webster Ranch barn and Floyd Russell and Perry Williams to a cabin as he kept an outside watch. 

One of the posse members, Art Russell, reportedly crawled down to see if the pair were at the fire. He overheard them talking about needing ammunition and planning to bypass the ranch and going to a sheep camp to get it, according to the Wyoming Tribune on May 1, 1916.

The Tribune stated the information for its story came from Laramie County Attorney Sam Thompson. It was confirmed by those ranchmen at the scene who returned to Cheyenne.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Thieves Gone"}]

Once reporting what he heard to Roach, Art Russell later crawled back out to the camp and found the pair gone. 

He followed what he thought was their trail and it led him away to another ranch. When he arrived he learned Roach and the others had been ambushed, the newspaper reported.

Meanwhile, at the ranch after alternating watch duties between the three, at 2 a.m. 

Roach entered the cabin, sent Williams out and relieved him at about 3:30 a.m. Williams told others that a few minutes later shots were fired and he opened the door to the cabin when a voice yelled “Git back in there” and a bullet flew by.

When Williams and Floyd Russell ventured out at dawn, they found both the sheriff and Nielson dead from gunshots.

The Fort Collins Express reported on May 4, 1916, that the gunmen, Pearson and Gray, were found later in the day riding the stolen horses on a road by the sheriff and a deputy from Larimer County. 

When the law officers in a vehicle passed the pair, they stopped and the sheriff leveled his rifle on Pearson. But the deputy found himself facing the barrel of Gray, who pulled the trigger but the revolver did not fire.

The sheriff quickly covered both as the deputy pulled out his weapon. They arrested and disarmed the pair.

Once in Fort Collins, a posse from Cheyenne that included the county attorney and Charles B. Irwin, the rodeo promoter, arrived to ensure a proper investigation and to interrogate the suspects.

An initial “confession” was debunked and a second was signed by Pearson, who told W. C. Thomas, a friend of Roach’s, that he and “Pete Burns,” who was really Gray, had met 10 days before the shooting.

The newspaper reported Thomas convinced Pearson that he “was a close friend and admirer of the prisoner” as he obtained the details of the shooting.

In the confession, Pearson told Thomas they stole the horses and saddles from Nielson because he had once worked for him and did not like him. 

Pearson claimed on the morning of the shooting he and Gray went to the barn and found Nielson and took him at gunpoint outside, and took his gun away from him. Pearson said he gave Nielson’s weapon to Gray, the Wyoming Tribune reported on May 2, 1916.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Gunman’s Story"}]

Pearson said he ordered Nielson to walk ahead of them and met Roach and told him to “throw up his hands and do it quick.”

Pearson told Thomas that the sheriff said he had to put his rifle down and stepped over to put it on the ground and then put his hands in his pockets and “took a hip shot at me and hit my horse under the chin.”

“Then we both commenced firing. I fired three shots. I shot Roach and Burns shot Nielson,” he said.

Laramie County Undersheriff Orrin Babbitt said the “confession” Pearson made still did not line up with the evidence in the case.

Babbitt told the Cheyenne State Leader on May 3, 1916, that the evidence showed there was no confrontation with the horse thieves by the sheriff and that he was ambushed from behind by an assassin he was unaware was there.

Babbitt said Roach when found by those at daylight still had his revolver in his holster and it had not been fired. 

His sweater and overcoat were buttoned over it. When his rifle was recovered from Pearson, it was loaded with four shells and not been fired.

“The bullet that ended the life of the courageous sheriff of Laramie County entered the back of his head,” the Leader reported. “He therefore was not facing his assassin. He could not have engaged in any conversation with him for he was looking the other way.”

Roach was walking toward the barn when he was ambushed and shot by one of the thieves.

Babbitt told the paper Nielson likely died because he was surprised by a thief as he came out of the barn and then saw the sheriff shot and broke away from the thief and was shot in the abdomen, but fell about 30 feet away near the sheriff’s body.

The story told by Pearson about Roach’s “hip shot” at him was to “make the crime less heinous," Thompson told the Leader.

“Pearson cannot bring himself to say that he shot at an unsuspecting man, and so he fabricates a story of a conversation in order to make it appear that Sheriff Roach opened fire upon him and shot him in the heat of battle,” the newspaper quoted Thompson.

Newspapers reported that if the two thieves had been brought back to Cheyenne, there likely would have been an immediate hanging by mob justice.

Roach’s funeral was held at their home next to the jail due to his wife’s physical condition. 

Undersheriff Babbitt had asked the prisoners, including the train robber William Carlisle, to be quiet so as not to disturb the widow in her grief who was on the other side of the wall from the jail. They agreed.

The Wyoming Tribune on May 2, 1916, reported Carlisle had respect for the sheriff whom he had gotten to know following his arrest.

“My hands are not clean, there’s lots of things I’d do, but I wouldn’t shed human blood, I wouldn’t kill a man for anything,” the Tribune quoted him. “These fellows ought to be hung, I hope they swing.”

People from Wheatland, Laramie and Colorado joined hundreds in Cheyenne to pay their respects for the fallen sheriff.

The Wheatland Times reported on May 3 that Roach’s brother and sheriff of Platte County  immediately headed for Cheyenne on hearing the news of his brother’s murder.

“The affair is of special local interest because of the wide acquaintance with Frank Roach (many) had throughout this section. 

He rode the range in this county for several years and everyone knew and respected him,” the Times reported. The newspaper described him as a “man of courage, fidelity, and faithfulness to every obligation.”

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"The Funeral"}]

Newspapers described the sheriff’s funeral as the largest they had seen in the city, with hundreds in the street outside his home and lining the road to the cemetery.

The Cheyenne Police Department and mounted troops from Fort D.A. Russell provided an escort for the hearse to the grave. All Cheyenne businesses shut down for the event. Among the mourners were friends from the Swan Land & Cattle Co.

Both Pearson and Gray were tried and convicted by separate juries in Fort Collins for the murders of Roach and Nielson. Pearson was sentenced to hang and Gray to life in prison.

Pearson’s sentence was commuted by the governor to life in prison.

In 1953, another Colorado governor commuted Pearson’s sentence to 97 years to life allowing him to become eligible for parole. He was paroled that year on good behavior. 

Prior to his release he told a reporter that he had been a stockholder in Chicago’s Selig Polyscope Co. in 1912-13 and had persuaded early Western film star Tom Mix from the 101 Ranch in Oklahoma to movie work.

In 1932, Gray had obtained trustee status at the Canon City Colorado Penitentiary and walked away on July 12. He was captured in September  of that year in Wichita Falls, Texas and returned to  Colorado.

In May 1960, Gray was paroled. He was 65 and had served 44 years. He still could not get the story of Sheriff’s Roach’s killing straight.

He said he and Pearson, who he referred to as “Skinny,” were on horses and were riding in a place called Horseshoe Bend when confronted by a mounted posse at 3 a.m.

“We got off the horses, I yelled to the men we had them covered,” he told The Associated Press in a story reprinted in the Grand Junction Daily Sentinel on May 26, 1960. “One of the sheriff’s took a shot at me, it hit one of the horses. I was scared and started shooting. I fired four shots.”

Gray’s freedom only lasted four months. He was arrested on a parole violation for possessing a weapon. Despite numerous pleas for release again, he spent the rest of his life in prison and died in Canon City on Nov. 10, 1965.

Efforts to determine Pearson’s death and burial place were unsuccessful as were efforts to trace Roach’s wife and son, who appeared a couple of times in newspapers following the sheriff’s death as they visited Roach’s brother’s wife and family.

Contact Dale Killingbeck at dale@cowboystatedaily.com

Frank Roach grave site inset 1 8 8 26

<title>Wyoming History: Laramie County Sheriff Was Gunned Down By Horse Thieves In 1916 | Cowboy State Daily</title>

In 1916, well-respected Laramie County Sheriff Frank Roach had three horses stolen by thieves and pursued them into Colorado. He was gunned down by the thieves — shot in the back of the head on a ranch a few miles across Wyoming's southern border.

Wyoming History: Laramie County Sheriff Was Gunned Down By Horse Thieves In 1916

Headshot of Cowboy State Daily's Feature Reporter, Andrew Rossi.

Andrew Rossi

Around Wyoming

One of the centerpiece exhibits at the Natural History Museum of London is Sophie, one of the most complete and well-preserved Stegosaurus specimens ever found.

When it was unveiled at the museum in December 2014, paleontologist Paul Barrett praised it as the best Stegosaurus anywhere in the world.

“This skeleton is very special, not just because it’s complete, but also because the bones have been preserved in three dimensions instead of being squashed over time, as happens with many other fossils,” he said. “We can get a very accurate view of how the whole body looked.”

That wasn’t news to Bob Simon and Robert Boscarelli. They were two of the three-man crew that found and excavated the stellar Stegosaurus near Shell in 2004.

“I didn’t know what happened to it once we got it out,” Boscarelli told Cowboy State Daily. “When my family went to London, we walked up the stairs into the museum, and there she was. It was incredible to see her mounted there.”

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"The Tail End"}]

Sophie, a Stegosaurus stenops, was found in 

 near Shell, dating to the Late Jurassic, around 150 million years ago. She escaped the prehistoric mudstone encasing her perfectly preserved fossils between 2003 and 2004.

Boscarelli got in on “the tail end” of the excavation. He spent the summer of 2004 excavating the 360 fossilized bones, teeth, plates, and spikes with Simon and Don Pfister.

[{"type":"text","text":"It remains one of the most fulfilling experiences of his life."}]

“When I was young in Cleveland, Ohio, I got an encyclopedia and read about paleontology and dinosaurs,” he said. “I never forgot it, and after getting out of the Marines and getting an anthropology degree from the University of Florida, I finally got an opportunity to get into it.”

Boscarelli had been traveling to Wyoming for years to dig dinosaurs when he reached out to Simon. He was looking for anyone interested in helping him excavate a promising spot near Shell.

“At the end of 2003, Bob told me that they did a big dig and saw some bones coming out of the side of the hill,” he said. “I knew that he had already found something that he thought was a stego. When I got there in 2004, that's when we started digging on it.”

The most distinctive parts of a Stegosaurus are the ornate plates on its back and the thagomizer, the paleontological term (co-opted from Gary Larson’s The Far Side) for the long spikes at the end of the tail.

Boscarelli had his camera ready when Sophie’s thagomizer saw sunlight for the first time in 146 million years. It was the tail-end of the dinosaur and the crowning moment of validation.

“That’s when we knew it was a Stegosaurus,” he said. “I was there for Sophie.”

The excavation revealed a nearly complete Stegosaurus skeleton, including articulated sections of the back, hips and tail, nearly articulated arms and legs, a significant portion of the skull, and most of the iconic back plates.

The fossils were also preserved three-dimensionally, meaning the weight and pressure of hundreds of millions of years hadn’t flattened them. It was, then and now, one of the most anatomically accurate and important Stegosaurus specimens ever found.

[{"type":"text","text":"“It was amazing. It was incredible. I loved it,” Boscarelli said."}]

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Following The Lost River"}]

Bob Simon is a legendary figure in the paleontological world. He has the distinction of finding some of the best skeletons ever found, and all from the same spot near Shell.

“I tell people that finding dinosaurs is 30% skill and 70% luck,” he told Cowboy State Daily.

Simon, who has a Master’s Degree in geology, worked for an oil company before founding DinoSafaris in the 1990s. After scouting out an optimal spot to dig on a private ranch, he got permission from the landowners to start excavating and went to work.

The key to a successful dinosaur dig, according to Simon, isn’t to go looking for dinosaurs. Instead, look for a river – or, at least, the evidence of a river that disappeared thousands of millennia ago.

“What I tell people is that to find dinosaur bones, first you look for evidence of water,” he said. “If you have water, you have plants. If you have plants, you have plant eaters. If you have plant eaters, you have meat eaters and then flooding events to cover things up.”

Simon picked the spot where Sophie would be found because the geology indicated it was an optimal place to look. Based on the rocks and depositional environment, Simon realized the spot was a large bend in a meandering river system during the lush, sub-tropical Late Jurassic period of Wyoming.

“The (dead dinosaurs) just stayed there, and they were covered quickly,” he said. “If the bones aren't covered quickly, they get destroyed by nature.”

Simon’s geological survey immediately struck gold. One of the first things he excavated was one of the best dinosaur specimens ever found: a massive Camarasaurus, over 60 feet long, with nearly every bone in its body preserved.

“We pulled up some toe bones with the bucket of a backhoe,” he said. “After that, we went sideways and took out part of a hill, and started to expose it, real careful.”

Simon’s Camarasaurus was as close to perfect as a paleontologist could get. He was able to follow the toes to the legs, and then found every bone in both directions, from the tip of the neck to the end of the tail.

The only thing missing was the ever-elusive skull, which wasn’t waiting at the end of the neck. Refusing to give up, Simon read the landscape once again.

“I went up 30 feet onto the hill, looked down, and could see the ancient motion of water,” he said. “I could see the way the bones had shifted a little bit, and I knew if the skull was still in existence, it was where I hadn't dug yet.”

Simon identified the spot where the skull should be. Sure enough, after a few days of digging, there it was.

“That was the moment where everything was right,” he said. “That's where you say, ‘OK, we're good. We've done our job.’”

That Camarasaurus is on display at the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum in Japan.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Emotions Of Excavation"}]

After finding the perfect Camarasaurus, a smaller and slightly less impressive Stegosaurus might seem underwhelming. Simon said he felt the same emotions when they uncovered Sophie: excitement and fear.

“People say, ‘Oh, it must have been amazing when you found it,’ but no, it wasn’t,” he said. “You know you have something that might be unique and important, but you don't know until you see it all. It was great that we were starting to find something, but until we could find all of it, it's always kind of a scary situation.”

Boscarelli, meanwhile, was jubilant from the get-go. As soon as Sophie’s thagomizer was found, he was having the time of his life.

“We had a lot of visitors come out to see the site,” he said. “Bob ran the system, and by the end of the season, we had uncovered about 80% of it.”

The only important part missing was, yet again, the skull. Boscarelli recalled following a crumb trail of fragments in the hope of finding the Stegosaurus skull.

“I traced a lot of bone fragments and shed teeth to a big boulder,” he said. “Bob's like, ‘Yeah, get that thing,’ and we got that thing out. It took a lot of work, but we found the skull under there.”

One highlight of the excavation for Boscarelli was meeting 

, the paleontology celebrity from the University of Chicago, who came out to Shell to see Sophie in situ.

Another notable visitor was Hans Jakob "Kirby" Siber, founder of 

the Aathal Dinosaur Museum in Switzerland

. That museum is filled with Late Jurassic dinosaurs that Siber and his crew found not far from where Simon was digging.

“I left before Kirby visited, but I’ve met him since,” Boscarelli said.

Simon, meanwhile, kept his emotions in check. As incredible as Sophie appeared in the ground, it was still a jumbled pile of bones that could ultimately be just as disappointing as they seemed extraordinary.

“You're always assessing how much you have, but it’s in the back of your mind,” he said. “You hope it doesn't stop, because that’s always a possibility. You hope it keeps going. You hope there’s a skull. That’s why it’s always a little scary.”

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"From Sarah To Sophie (?)"}]

While Simon and Boscarelli were excavating their stellar Stegosaurus, they named it Sarah after the landowners' daughter.

[{"type":"text","text":"“I got to meet her once,” Boscarelli said. “She was a nice girl.”"}]

When all of the fossils were excavated, the plaster jackets encasing them were shipped to Switzerland. Siber and his team at the Aathal Dinosaur Museum spent the next several years meticulously removing the rock and strengthening the fossils.

Sarah remained an open secret among paleontologists until 2013, when it was revealed that the Natural History Museum of London had acquired the specimen for its permanent paleontological collection. They got all 360 Stegosaurus bones, roughly 85% of the total skeleton.

That’s when Sarah became Sophie. It was a name honoring a different daughter, whose father’s donation made the acquisition possible.

Sophie finally got her moment in the 2015 paper, “The Postcranial Skeleton of an Exceptionally Complete Individual of the Plated Dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A.”

In the study, Barrett and other paleontologists determined that the Stegosaurus wasn’t fully grown. It was either a young or sub-adult dinosaur when it died and was buried, entirely undisturbed, according to Simon.

“There was no evidence of scavenging on any of the bones, and (the bodies) weren't torn apart,” Simon said of Sophie, the Camarasaurus, and other dinosaurs found in that spot. “That led me to think that the scavengers couldn't get there. They couldn't cross the water to get to where the floods had piled up the dinosaur remains.”

Also, Sophie might not be a Sophie. Despite the name, there is no conclusive way, 

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"'Wow, That’s Pretty Cool'"}]

Over 20 years after Sophie’s discovery, both Boscarelli and Simon are out of the dinosaur digging gig.

“As you get older, you miss it less and less,” Simon said. “It cost a lot of money to be out there and do what I was doing. It was a fantastic time. The rancher was fantastic. The land was fantastic. The community was great. I had a blast, and I miss it, but I don't think I could do it again.”

After leaving Shell in 2004, Boscarelli didn’t hear or see anything about Sophie until her glorious arrival in London. A few years later, when he was going on a family trip to Sicily, he decided to stop in London to see the fruits of his labor.

“They have an escalator going up to the dinosaur part of the museum, and Sophie’s right in front,” he said. “We uncovered most of it, but to actually go up there and see it was unbelievable.”

Today, Boscarelli, who lives in Soquel, California, has two cats he fondly named Sarah and Sophie. Finding the Stegosaurus was “the biggest moment” of his foray into paleontology, but he admitted he still has mixed feelings about where Sophie ended up.

“I still have my ‘Keep It in Wyoming’ shirt from the other digs I did with Bob Bakker at Como Bluff,” he said. “I'm not a big fan of the fossils going out of the country. When I met Dr. Barrett (in London), I told him, ‘You take a girl out of the country, you shouldn't change your name too.’”

That’s why Boscarelli was happy to hear the Wild West Dino Den in Shell, which recently unveiled 

a cast of the famous Allosaurus “Big Al,”

 intended to acquire a replica of Sophie for t

“It’s really amazing that their museum is coming to fruition,” he said. “I wanted Sophie to be there.”

Simon, who is in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, finally got his moment of vindication when he saw a fully mounted replica of Sophie. It was the moment he let himself be engulfed by the wave of emotions his spectacular Stegosaurus has and will continue to inspire in others.

“I was very fortunate that most of the dinosaurs that I found were very complete and are in museums,” he said. “When everything was found and prepared, and I saw a cast of (Sophie) on display, that’s when it really hit home. That's when you sit back and go, ‘Wow, that's pretty cool.’”

Contact Andrew Rossi at andrew@cowboystatedaily.com

Stegosaurus image1 8 8 26

<title>Sophie, The World's Most Complete Stegosaurus, Was Found In Shell, Wyoming | Cowboy State Daily</title>

A Stegosaurus discovered near Shell, Wyoming, is believed to be the most complete and well-preserved specimen ever found. When it was unveiled as the centerpiece exhibit at the Natural History Museum of London, paleontologists praised it as the best in the world.

Sophie, The World's Most Complete Stegosaurus, Was Found In Shell, Wyoming

Headshot of Cowboy State Daily reporter, Jackie Dorothy.

Jackie Dorothy

Outdoors

Jack Baird, who runs sheep and cattle on over 30,000 acres near Thermopolis, calls cheatgrass "a little thief" because it robs moisture from native grasses on the sections of land he uses for grazing.

Fellow rancher Chip Axtell of Hot Springs County estimates at least 20% of his own rangeland and farm have been taken over by cheatgrass, which is only green in the early spring and late fall. This limits where he can graze his cattle and is especially damaging during a drought.

“Cheatgrass grabs up all the moisture, so the native grasses get pushed out,” Axtell said. “If you keep stressing the land further with grazing or drought, it just becomes the predominant grass that's around.”

More than $32 million has been lost in agricultural land and wildlife habitat last year due to cheatgrass, a fast-growing invasive weed known. It is an ecological nightmare for wildlife and land managers.

estimate if cheatgrass continues to spread, annual losses could exceed $109.8 million.

Cheatgrass, also known as downy brome, literally creates a drought state on the landscape even when Wyoming is not in a drought. Since the 1800s, this invasive weed has been choking out native grasses and “cheating” them out of the nutrients and soil.

“It is actually a pretty pathetic grass with a minimal root system,” Nancy Fleming, the Wind River Bighorn Basin District's invasive annual grass coordinator, told Cowboy State Daily. “But it’s seed production is tremendous.”

One cheatgrass plant can produce 200 seeds viable for up to 11 years. Thousands will sit in a seed bank in the first few inches of soil, just waiting to germinate.

“The cheatgrass takeover has been going on for over a century,” Axtell said. “It grows wherever there's a disturbance in the ground such as a two-track, or any digging. The cheatgrass comes in because the seeds get started in that disturbed ground.”

 Axtell said he has been battling cheatgrass his entire life and tries not to graze all the grass in order to leave the native grass healthy and keep the cheatgrass at bay.

 “There's no silver bullet when it comes to invasive annual grasses, particularly cheat grass,” Fleming said. “Cheatgrass is something that we're managing. It's not something that we will eradicate.”

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"The Evil Enemy"}]

Cheatgrass is an invasive annual grass that's not native to North America. It came from Europe and Eurasia in the mid- to late 1800s as a contaminant in seed and straw, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS).

“It's been noted in every state in the lower 48 but it's causing more destruction in the Western States because of our climate,” Fleming said.

Cheatgrass grows in the winter and sprouts its roots under the snow. It is the first plant to green up in the spring. As an annual, it dies off each year and has a different growing cycle that Wyoming’s native perennial grass.

Cheatgrass’ sole purpose is to produce as much seed as possible before dying off every June. Then in becomes another type of menace: Fuel for fire. 

 “It takes one lightning strike to get a fire started,” Fleming said. “That fuel load created by dead cheatgrass helps spread the fire quickly through this country.”

 that cheatgrass has disrupted the fire cycle in sagebrush habitat and other western ecosystems, leading to more frequent and more intense burns. Those fires subsequently destroy native grasses and sage.

“Invasives come back the next year and so the fire doesn't affect them,” Fleming said. “As a result, we see this reoccurring, increased fire cycle that is not typical for this area.”

Cheatgrass has become a nightmare for Wyoming ranchers, costing an estimated $110 million in annual losses. Hot Springs rancher Chip Axtell estimates 20% of his own rangeland has been taken over by cheatgrass. “It grabs up all the moisture," he said.

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