One More For The Road

[{"type":"text","text":"My commute today? About average..."}]

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Cowboy State Daily is Wyoming’s largest newspaper with Wyoming’s most experienced journalists. 

<title>One More For The Road: Saturday, April 13, 2024 | Cowboy State Daily</title>

My commute today? About average...

One More For The Road: Saturday, April 13, 2024

Headshot of Cowboy State Daily's general assignment reporter, Clair McFarland.

Clair McFarland

Crime & Courts

Courts

The Wyoming Supreme Court on Wednesday rejected the self-defense argument of a Weston County man who shot and killed his neighbor, then told police the neighbor had charged toward him while driving a skid steer.

Paul Manders is serving a sentence of 16-20 years in the Wyoming Department of Corrections for manslaughter. He was sentenced Feb. 27, 2025.

But the spat between Manders and his neighbor, Vernon Clyde, had turned deadly nearly four years earlier in the summer of 2021.

The neighbors had an ongoing dispute over Clyde’s goats escaping onto Manders’ property, and Manders shot one of the goats, the Wyoming Supreme Court’s Wednesday opinion on the case says.

On July 27, 2021, Manders called 911 to report he’d killed Clyde, the document adds.

Manders told police Clyde “came at” him with a skid steer, which prompted the shooting.

Weston County Sheriff’s Office deputies and Wyoming Division of Criminal Investigation agents converged on the scene and found Clyde dead in the skid steer — which they found about 20 feet east of Manders’ home.

Clyde had been using the skid steer to move rolls of fencing to fix the fence between their homes earlier that day, says the document.

Investigators found four rolls of wire fencing to the rear left of the skid steer.

Officers also learned, reportedly, that there was a dispute over ownership of the strip of land where the skid steer was during the shooting.

Clyde believed that to be a public alley or road running between their property. Manders believed it was part of his own property and Clyde wasn’t supposed to be there due to a no-trespass warning from the sheriff’s office, says the document.

[{"type":"text","text":"A debris pile of corrugated pipe and rubble sat on the strip of land."}]

Neighbors told investigators they saw the skid steer near the fence, then heard one gunshot, a pause, then three more gunshots, the document says.

Law enforcement noticed tracks in the dirt indicating the machine was going in reverse before it came to rest. The control stick had blood spatter on it, which indicated Clyde’s hand was not on the control stick when he was shot, says the opinion.

[{"type":"text","text":"Two of the shell casings sat farther away than the other two."}]

[{"type":"text","text":"Police arrested Manders at the time on suspicion of second-degree murder."}]

[{"type":"text","text":"The Self-Defense Argument"}]

[{"type":"text","text":"Manders asked for a John’s hearing."}]

That’s a chance for a defendant to show that he acted in self-defense, and for the state to try to overcome that with evidence that makes the opposite look more likely than not.

Manders showed, at first glance, that he acted in self-defense, arguing that his fear was reasonable because according to him, Clyde entered Manders’ driveway and drove the skid steer toward Manders.

But the case prosecutor overcame that showing of evidence with more evidence.

The prosecutor showed that there was no evidence Clyde was entering Manders’ home, so a castle doctrine provision letting people defend their homes wouldn’t help Manders. The state argued Manders’ use of deadly force wasn’t reasonable, either.

Weston County District Court Judge James Michael Causey held a three-day hearing.

The skid steer was turned on when police arrived, but the idle was turned all the way down and the parking brake was engaged, the state’s physical evidence expert noted in the hearing.

Some bullet casings sat on top of tracks in the dirt, indicating that the casings had been put there after the skid steer came to a stop, notes the opinion.

There was also a blood pool on the left tread of the skid steer indicating the blood landed there either during the shooting or directly afterward, “and the skid steer was not in motion when the blood was deposited,” says the high court’s opinion.

The Weston County Assessor’s Office map showed the “road” as a public access point which, whether correct or not, imbued Clyde with the belief that he had a right to be there, the document says.

The judge denied Manders’ request for the case to be dismissed early on self-defense grounds, and left the matter up to a jury.

But rather than go to trial, Manders settled with an Alford plea, which is a way of pleading guilty without admitting wrongdoing.

Manders reserved the right to appeal the judge’s finding on his self-defense argument, and he did.

The evidence doesn’t show that Clyde was unlawfully and forcefully entering Manders’ home, so the castle doctrine doesn’t rescue Manders’ self-defense claim, says the opinion. 

It notes that even if that strip of land was Manders’ driveway, the law doesn’t include someone’s driveway in that provision.

“We therefore decline Mr. Manders’s invitation to extend the statutory definitions of ‘home’ or ‘habitation’ to include driveways, yards, and other areas outside of a structure or occupied dwelling,” says the opinion.

Turning to the question of who the initial aggressor was, the court noted that multiple witnesses testified Clyde was in a good mood just minutes before the shooting. 

He’d spoken with multiple neighbors about helping him fix the fence that weekend, and people saw him transporting the fencing materials just before the shooting, the document says.

“Evidence shows it is more probable than not Mr. Clyde went to the disputed area with the intention of fixing the fence, not to threaten or attack Mr. Manders,” the court wrote, adding that “The undisputed evidence showed the skid steer moved into reverse until it came to a stop.”

The physical evidence “could” support finding that Manders was the initial aggressor, the opinion says.

There was a dispute in this case about whether Clyde threatened to “smash” Manders’ home when Clyde came out to confront him about allegedly trespassing.

Even if rough words were exchanged between the two before the shooting, verbal attacks don’t make someone the initial aggressor in an altercation, the high court wrote in its analysis.

A footnote in the opinion notes that the state’s experts opined it would have been extremely difficult for Manders to hear what Clyde was saying if the skid steer was running at full throttle and moving.

Even if the court were to assume Clyde was the initial aggressor, the opinion says, the state showed it’s more likely than not that Clyde was trying to withdraw from the altercation before he was shot.

Manders could have raised his self-defense claims at trial, had he gone to trial, the opinion concludes.

Weston County vote IMG 3158 10 22 24

<title>Supreme Court Rejects Self-Defense Argument Of Man Who Killed Neighbor And Goat | Cowboy State Daily</title>

The Wyoming Supreme Court on Wednesday rejected the self-defense argument of a man who killed his neighbor, claiming the neighbor charged at him on a skid steer. Paul Manders, who is serving a 16-to-20-year prison stretch, also shot his neighbor's goat.

Supreme Court Rejects Self-Defense Argument Of Man Who Killed Neighbor And Goat

Coy Knobel

Don Day Weather

Mostly sunny to sunny in Wyoming on Thursday. Chance of afternoon rain. Partly cloudy to clear overnight with a chance of rain in a few locations. Highs mainly in the 70s and 80s. Lows from the mid 30s to mid 50s.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"}],"text":" "}]

Mostly sunny and breezy today with a high near 85 and wind gusts as high as 26 mph. Partly cloudy and breezy overnight with a low near 52 and wind gusts as high as 23 mph.

Sunny and breezy today with a high near 87 and wind gusts as high as 26 mph. Mostly clear and breezy overnight with a low near 49 and wind gusts as high as 24 mph.

 Mostly sunny and breezy today with a high near 82 and wind gusts as high as 32 mph. Mostly clear and breezy overnight with a low near 47 and wind gusts as high as 28 mph.

 Sunny today with a high near 75 and wind gusts as high as 30 mph. Mostly clear overnight with a low near 41.

  Sunny and breezy today with a high near 80 and wind gusts as high as 31 mph. Clear and breezy overnight with a low near 47 and wind gusts as high as 31 mph.

Sunny and breezy today with a high near 74 and wind gusts as high as 33 mph. Clear and breezy overnight with a low near 40 and wind gusts as high as 25 mph.

Sunny and breezy today with a high near 71 and wind gusts as high as 25 mph. Clear and breezy overnight with a low near 37 and wind gusts as high as 22 mph.

 Sunny today with a high near 74 and clear overnight with a low near 38.

  Sunny and breezy today with a high near 74 and wind gusts as high as 29 mph. Clear and breezy overnight with a low near 35 and wind gusts as high as 26 mph.

 Mostly sunny and breezy today with a high near 71 and wind gusts as high as 33 mph. Clear and breezy overnight with a low near 38 and wind gusts as high as 30 mph.

  Sunny today with a high near 74 and clear overnight with a low near 37.

Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park

:  Slight chance of rain after noon, otherwise mostly sunny today with a high near 65 and mostly clear overnight with a low near 34.

Mostly sunny today with a high near 87 and mostly clear overnight with a low near 52 and wind gusts as high as 20 mph.

:  Slight chance of rain after noon, otherwise mostly sunny today with a high near 77 and wind gusts as high as 21 mph. Mostly clear overnight with a slight chance of rain before 7 p.m., a low near 50 and wind gusts as high as 21 mph.

  Mostly sunny today with a high near 84 and wind gusts as high as 20 mph. Mostly clear and breezy overnight with a low near 52 and wind gusts as high as 23 mph.

  Chance of rain, otherwise partly sunny and breezy today with a high near 77 and wind gusts as high as 25 mph. Partly cloudy and breezy overnight with a chance of rain mainly before 10 p.m., a low near 52 and wind gusts as high as 26 mph.

  Chance of rain mainly after 2 p.m., otherwise mostly sunny today with a high near 78 and partly cloudy overnight with a chance of rain before 11 p.m. and a low near 46.

:  Chance of rain mainly after 2 p.m., otherwise mostly sunny today with a high near 75 and wind from 11-16 mph. Partly cloudy overnight with a chance of rain before 11 p.m., a low near 48 and wind from 12-17 mph.

Chance of rain after noon, otherwise mostly sunny today with a high near 82 and wind gusts as high as 23 mph. Partly cloudy overnight with a chance of rain, a low near 47 and wind gusts as high as 24 mph.

  Chance of rain after noon, otherwise mostly sunny today with a high near 82 and wind gusts as high as 16 mph. Partly cloudy overnight with a chance of rain, a low near 53 and wind gusts as high as 16 mph.

:  Chance of rain after noon, gradually becoming sunny today with a high near 84 and wind gusts as high as 17 mph. Increasing clouds overnight with a chance of rain, a low near 47 and wind gusts as high as 17 mph.

  Slight chance of rain after 3 p.m., otherwise mostly sunny and hot today with a high near 91 and mostly clear overnight with a low near 57.

  Slight chance of rain after 3 p.m., otherwise mostly sunny today with a high near 89 and mostly clear overnight with a low near 54 and wind gusts as high as 25 mph.

  Mostly sunny and breezy today with a high near 85 and wind gusts as high as 23 mph. Partly cloudy and breezy overnight with a slight chance of rain before midnight, a low near 50 and wind gusts as high as 22 mph.

  Chance of rain after 3 p.m., otherwise mostly sunny today with a high near 84 and partly cloudy overnight with a low near 50.

  Slight chance of rain after 3 p.m., otherwise mostly sunny and breezy today with a high near 79 and wind gusts as high as 30 mph. Mostly clear overnight with a low near 45 and wind gusts as high as 25 mph.

  Chance of rain after noon, otherwise mostly sunny today with a high near 87 and partly cloudy overnight with a low near 53.

  Mostly sunny and breezy today with a high near 81 and wind gusts as high as 35 mph. Mostly clear and breezy overnight with a low near 46 and wind gusts as high as 35 mph.

  Mostly sunny and breezy today with a high near 83 and wind gusts as high as 30 mph. Mostly clear and breezy overnight with a low near 45 and wind gusts as high as 30 mph.

  Mostly sunny and breezy today with a high near 85 and wind gusts as high as 30 mph. Mostly clear and breezy overnight with a low near 45 and wind gusts as high as 30 mph.

Daycap no play 6 4 26

<title>Don Day's Wyoming Weather Forecast: Thursday, June 4, 2026 | Cowboy State Daily</title>

Don Day's Wyoming Weather Forecast: Thursday, June 4, 2026

Jen kocher

Jen Kocher

Law Enforcement

For more than 30 years, the body of an unidentified woman discovered in the remote desert along Interstate 80 in rural Nevada has kept her secrets hidden.

The woman, known colloquially as “Shafter Jane Doe,” had been beaten and shot in the chest and back.

Her nude body was posed on the ground, arms extended to either side in the shape of a cross with legs slightly parted.

Less than a week after her death on Nov. 16, 1993, a geologist who had pulled off at the remote Shafter exit off I-80 to stretch his legs discovered her body, according to news reports from the time.

Later investigation in 2010 revealed that the woman had spent seven months in Afton, Wyoming, which was determined through the isotope testing. 

For years, her donated headstone has read, “Who Am I?”

Now more than 32 years after the gruesome discovery, authorities finally have an answer.  

Her name is Marion Hertha Alexander, who was a German immigrant who moved to California with her family in 1972.

After a decades-long investigation, members of the Elko County Sheriff’s Office and other law enforcement partners told the Elko County Commissioners on Thursday afternoon that they identified her through the use of advanced DNA testing and forensic genetic genealogy.

The decades-long investigation also revealed the woman was in Afton, Wyoming, for about seven months before she was murdered. 

Alexander left home around age 18, and her family told investigators that Alexander was a free spirit who liked to drift around.

Her family questioned where she had gone, but given her lifestyle, they did not report her missing to law enforcement.

Her living family members were notified of the identification in January of this year, Elko County Sheriff’s Office Lt. Douglas Fisher stated, and continue to be in touch with law enforcement.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"No Justice"}]

Her suspected murderer, however, will not see justice.

Authorities were closing in on Roger Lee Durkee of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, who was identified through semen found on a vaginal swab that yielded a full DNA profile, authorities said.

The profile was run through the FBI’s Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) but did not result in a match, so the Elko County Sheriff’s Office contracted a private group to perform forensic genetic genealogy analysis in February 2022 that led to Durkee as a potential suspect.

Further investigation indicated that Durkee was likely the murderer, but as detectives began planning their trip to Wisconsin to make an arrest, they learned that Durkee had died on Nov. 13, 2025.

He died within 14 days of detectives learning Alexander’s identity.

Now, however, Alexander will be properly laid to rest.

The Elko Sheriff’s Office asked the commission — and were granted — money to buy a proper headstone to finally put her to rest.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Piecing Together Mystery"}]

Authorities worked for decades to identify Alexander through the use of several forensic tools.

Initially when she was discovered, Alexander’s face was beaten beyond recognition, so the FBI created a computer-generated image of her likeness to help local authorities attempt to identify her, according to a 1993 article by the Elko Daily Free Press.

Along with her image, authorities had little else to go on.

They were able to extract a partial print from her right thumb, which did not find a match in any federal databases.

The only other identifying characteristics were what appeared to be a burn scar or birth mark on her right calf, pink fingernails that looked to be professionally done and a tooth that had undergone a partial root canal, according to the same article.

A portion of her skull was sent to the Minnesota State Crime Lab, according to reporting from the Casper-Star Tribune, where her DNA was extracted and run through databases with no match.

They turned to the media and a national crime show, but no viable leads to her identity were forthcoming.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Human Time Capsule"}]

A big break came nearly two decades later with the advancement of using stable isotopes that tracked Alexander to Afton, Wyoming.

This discovery came in 2010 when scientists at Utah State University were able to determine she had spent the past seven months in Afton by analyzing isotopes in her hair that traced her to the area.

Though not new science, this application of stable isotope analysis has transformed how law enforcement solves cold cases, said Christy Mancuso, an assistant research professor at the University of New Mexico and sales representative for Thermo Fisher Scientific.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"}],"text":"Mancuso knows the science well."}]

She got her doctorate degree in biology from the University of Utah and was affiliated with the stable isotope lab, where her thesis advisor, Jim Ehleringer, started the now-shuttered IsoForensics lab.

She wasn’t familiar with Alexander’s case, but said that stable isotope analysis is an excellent tool for helping to identify remains.

Essentially, humans are like time capsules of chemical information that are stored within one’s bones, teeth and hair, Mancuso said, which helps trace that person to a generalized location.

Humans living in these various regions incorporate the stable isotope signal from their drinking water and food that correlate to particular regions.

When forensic scientists analyze human remains, they examine the various stable isotopes — carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen — that act as chemical signatures reflecting what a person consumed and where they lived during their lifetime, both recent and past.

Every geographical location has a unique chemical composition evident in its local water and food sources, soil composition and climate, Mancuso explained.

Researchers can then track these predictable geographical patterns using isotope maps called “isoscapes” to identify likely regions where that person lived or traveled.

Hair in particular, which was used to trace Alexander to the Afton area, serves as an excellent linear time recorder of isotope information because it grows at a predictable rate of about one centimeter per month and provides a chronological record in its keratin protein structure, Mancuso said.

In this case, isotopes in Alexander’s hair matched those in drinking water that suggested she’d lived in the that particular area of Wyoming for the past seven months.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Great Basin Murders"}]

Alexander is thought to be one of about nine victims killed between 1983 and 1997 across four states in the Great Basin geographical area that includes Wyoming, Utah, Nevada and Idaho, and dumped along interstates in the remote arid watershed.

Many had been sexually abused or assaulted and either strangled, shot or stabbed.

Some were posed like Alexander, including another Jane Doe found in rural Elko County in July 1972 who also had been shot twice with her body posed to resemble a cross.

Initially, it was thought that one serial killer might be responsible for all the deaths, but it was quickly determined that most the murders were committed by different people.

The first victim was thought to be 23-year-old Janelle Johnson, who was hitchhiking from Denver to Riverton in February 1983 and was last seen at a truck stop in Sinclair, Wyoming.

The aspiring model was found less than a month later in a shallow grave near Shoshoni, Wyoming, according to the national nonprofit Parents of Murdered Children.

 in March 1988, was also among the young women killed.

Her body was found floating in the North Platte River near Casper and it took until 2004 to bring her killer to justice.

Eaton had also been suspected in Alexander’s murder because he had reportedly lived in the Elko area at the time and had been arrested for domestic violence, according to a 2010 report by the Elko Daily Free Press.

One of the other Wyoming victims, who remained unidentified for years and was known as “Bitter Creek Betty,” was identified in 2025 as Irene Vasquez.

Both Vasquez, and Cindi Arleen Estrada, who had formerly been known as “I-90 Jane Doe,” 

were determined to be victims of Clark Perry Baldwin

Baldwin, a long-haul truck driver who was convicted of murdering a woman in 1991 in Tennessee, was 

Other victims affiliated with this geographic region and time period are Vicky Lynn Perkins, 19, who vanished from Oregon and whose body was found two months later off 1-70 in Emery County, Utah, in May 1989.

Two more victims were found within one month of each other in 1991.

The badly beaten deceased body of Ermalinda Garza Sherman was found in St. George, Utah, in April while a Jane Doe, later identified as Barbara Kaye Williams, was found in Salt Lake City in March.

Shafter Jane Doe inset 6 3 26

<title>32 Years After Her Posed Body Was Found Along I-80, ‘Shafter Jane Doe’ Identified | Cowboy State Daily</title>

More than 32 years after her body was found along I-80, the woman known as “Shafter Jane Doe” has been identified, officials announced Thursday. Her nude body was posed on the ground, arms extended to either side in the shape of a cross.

32 Years After Her Posed Body Was Found Along I-80, ‘Shafter Jane Doe’ Identified

Government & Politics

Politics

wo approaches to using artificial intelligence in K-12 schools clashed mildly this week 

as the Wyoming Joint Education Committee broached 

Some lawmakers and members of the public warned against unleashing the hazards and unknowns of the technology on teachers and students.

Subject-matter leaders in the Wyoming Department of Education reasoned, conversely, that AI is becoming so widespread that it’s wiser to help staffers and students use it responsibly.

The committee ultimately didn’t draft legislation 

, but questioned the department on next steps.

taff Dicky Shanor called the department’s approach “scenario planning.”

Nathan Tedjeske, chief of innovation at the department, said the agency is working from multiple angles to equip school districts, parents, and the department’s own people with guidance.

That includes creating trainings for teachers, school administrators and district staffers on, “What is this, how do you use it,” said Tedjeske.

“We’re on the side of like, be aware. We should have a foundational level of knowledge of how does this work and what does it mean for us in the school systems,” he added.

[{"type":"text","text":"Students Are Using It"}]

Tedjeske cautioned against ignoring the encroachment of AI into students’ lives, theorizing that students have access to it at home and should learn to use it responsibly.

He said 90% of student experience with AI is through less-than-ideal platforms like Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram.

Schools should have a “quality vetting process,” he said, because, “The actual level of data security concerns involved with all this is pretty staggering.”

WDE’s digital learning program consultant Steven Priest “has done a great job” addressing student data pitfalls, added Tedjeske.

Concerns have surfaced around academic integrity and hazards of uneducated use, he said.

“When we don’t have the tools in place for the kids to learn how to use it ethically and responsibly … there’s a lot of security concerns,” he said. “So we’re working towards supplying tools to deal with that. We’re not there yet. But hopefully soon.”

On the department side, said Tedjeske, employees have been learning how to use AI as a time-saver, “so we’re spending less time on tedious tasks and more on school districts.”

[{"type":"text","text":"Tedjeske cast the multiplying tech as inevitable."}]

“We had cellphones and we said, ‘That’s not us, we don’t want to touch that.’ And then cellphones were done to us,” he said. “And social media came along, and we said, ‘That’s not us, we don’t want to touch that.’ And then social media was done to us.”

With AI looming, “Let’s be at the front of the conversation,” he said, adding that that means Wyoming would dictate to AI product vendors which needs are right for Wyoming’s kids, rather than established product vendors dictating priorities to a state behind the curve.

Tedjeske said some products can help teachers with seating charts and other logistics and “clerical” tasks.

Jenifer Hopkins, a Casper-area mom and school board member who said she was speaking on her own behalf, said she recognizes that the business sector will want people who can design and work with AI.

But young kids shouldn’t be mired in the tech’s distractions, she said.

“I don’t think they need it in the younger years,” said Hopkins. "I’d like us to start peeling back even from computer use.”

[{"type":"text","text":"Though some kids will go into AI, not all will."}]

“We’re not here to tell them how to think or what they’re supposed to be in life,” she said. “We’re supposed to give them the tools to decide that for themselves.”

“I think the job of a school is to create real intelligence,” said Andrew.

[{"type":"text","text":"This Sounds Important"}]

Sen. Charlie Scott, R-Casper, said the topic sounds “potentially quite important,” and asked the department to confirm its stance that the tech’s entrance into Wyoming’s K-12 system is inevitable.

If that’s the case, he added, “How do we go about reaching the parents?”

Scott also asked how the Legislature could prevent AI hazards that can harm kids.

Priest said the department is focusing initially on school administrators and teachers, but parent resources are available and the department’s goal is to build a course for parents to learn more about AI.

[{"type":"text","text":"“Yes, we’re working on that,” said Priest."}]

Rep. Tom Kelly, R-Sheridan, who is running to become the next state Superintendent of Public Instruction, voiced concerns as an educator.

[{"type":"text","text":"Those concerns include teachers as well as students."}]

The Wyoming Department of Education warned lawmakers this week that artificial intelligence is coming, so students should receive training outside of Facebook and Instagram. “The job of a school is to create real intelligence,” said Rep. Ocean Andrew.

One More For The Road: Saturday, April 13, 2024

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