Daily Darwin

[{"type":"text","text":"If you are need of ski lessons, this person is having a sale..."}]

Darwin 12 1 23

Cowboy State Daily is Wyoming’s largest newspaper with Wyoming’s most experienced journalists. 

<title>Daily Darwin: Friday, December 1, 2023 | Cowboy State Daily</title>

If you are need of ski lessons, this person is having a sale...

Daily Darwin: Friday, December 1, 2023

 If you are need of ski lessons, this person is having a sale...

Headshot of Cowboy State Daily's business and tourism reporter, Renée Jean

Renée Jean

Business & Tourism

The first time Farmstead Cider went after old apples in Jackson Hole, it was just for the flavor. 

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"}],"text":"It soon became about the bears. "}]

Every fall as apples drop and ferment in the backyards and ghost orchards of Jackson Hole, grizzlies and black bears do what comes naturally. They follow their noses straight into trouble — calorie-rich fruits that taste oh-so-good when you’re a bear desperate to fatten up for winter. 

The first harvest, though, was all about the homesick wives, Farmstead Cider’s co-owner Orion Bellorado said. They had grown up on the East Coast, where apple harvests are a big deal. 

“We started harvesting the apples in our neighborhood off of peoples’ trees that were kind of derelict,” he said. “And they were tiny, so we pressed a bunch of juice and made some cider out of it.”

The party was great and word soon got around. 

“Someone from the county found out about it and said, ‘Hey, you should really put in for this community grant to start a business,” Bellorado recalled. “‘Because we’ve really been having issues with bears.’”

That was in 2016, and the business has been going ever since, bottling 5,000 to 7,000 gallons of native-yeast cider a year and selling it across Wyoming as well as other states such as Washington and Montana. 

In the process of climbing into backyards and abandoned orchards, Bellorado stumbled onto a bigger realization. Wyoming is curiously — if quietly — rich in apples across the state.

“They are everywhere,” he said. “I mean, Lander was called Apple Town before it was called Lander. It’s full on part of this interesting tidbit of our culture and our history that’s really been left behind.”

That history is being rediscovered thanks to a project called the Wyoming Apple Project. Through it, researchers have been cataloguing a hidden network of heritage and volunteer trees that have somehow survived a century or so of drought and neglect. Researchers say these hardy survivors might point the way to a new kind of apple economy in one of the harshest fruit-growing climates in America.

You wouldn’t know it from today’s landscape of hay bales and cattle, but Wyoming was once thick with apples. Homesteaders brought apple seeds to plant in their new homes, carving out orchards that were just as essential as a root cellar to their survival.

Apples meant sauce, butter, cider, vinegar and livestock feed. They were essential calories, but also comfort — the kind that could be stored up through a long, hard winter.

By the early 1900s, experimental orchards and private growers had tested at least 218 named apple cultivars across Wyoming, including 11 that were Wyoming-bred. 

Among the most ambitious of the early apple pioneers was an experimental fruit farm in Lander, which trialed 175 different cultivars under superintendent John Steinbrecht, who also developed 10 of the 11 Wyoming-bred cultivars. 

Not far away from Steinbrecht was Lander orchardist Ed Young, who planted a prodigious 3,000-some apple trees in 1882 — an act of faith in a place better known for blizzards than fruit blossoms.

At the time, Wyoming was held up as a national example of what’s possible on the frontier. 

“A lot of those early settlers, such as Ed Young, and their success in growing apples was used in news articles back east, to bring hope to people thinking about moving West,” University of Wyoming graduate and plant physiologist Jonathan Magby told Cowboy State Daily. “It helped show them that you can successfully inhabit this remote location of the United States.”

Wyoming’s apples at that time came from everywhere — Minnesota, Wisconsin, New York, Canada and even Russia. Several nurseries were involved in seeing which varieties could stand up to Wyoming’s brutal mix of cold, drought and wind, including 

At one point, at least 70 out-of-state nurseries and 20 in-state nurseries across 11 Wyoming cities were selling apple stock to Wyoming growers.

Then, slowly, the state forgot about its apples.

Wyoming’s agricultural identity shifted solidly toward cattle and general row crops. Many orchards were abandoned. Irrigation ditches shifted. Families moved away or sold off land.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"}],"text":"Winters kept coming. "}]

And the apple trees that had been left behind continued growing. They became part of an unintended Darwinist experiment — one where only the fittest would survive. 

What’s left of the apple trees that once dotted Wyoming are now the toughest of the tough. Trees too full of Wyoming grit to give up and die.

Among the most interesting is a gnarled apple tree in Lander. Its limbs curl up to the sun like an insect on its back, and its trunk is so hollowed out, one wouldn’t be surprised to find a hobbit — or some other creature of legend — sleeping inside.

Somehow, though, this ancient tree is still alive, still leafing out, still stubbornly insisting on producing apples, despite a century or so in a place that routinely tries to freeze them to death.

Wyoming is not a state known for hardy trees. It is, after all, among the coldest and driest of states in the Lower 48. And apple trees aren’t known for being especially long-lived, either. Most never see a 100th birthday.

That makes this particular apple tree special. It’s passed a 100-year stress test, one where Wyoming wind and drought are separating the true pioneers from the pretenders.

To Magby, the Lander tree is far more than a curiosity. It’s a symbol of what Wyoming apples once were, as well as what they could be again. 

These survivors could help develop ever more hardy Wyoming stock, making apples a potential new and viable agricultural commodity. Because of that, the tree’s tissue was pulled and grafted onto new stock, so it can keep growing for another 100 years.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Like A CSI Detective"}]

Magby has been searching out all the old heritage apple trees of Wyoming using DNA finger-printing techniques more often associated with crime shows like CSI. 

So far he’s sampled 510 trees at 91 locations in 19 cities, from Lander and Sheridan to Buffalo and Casper, to figure out which trees match known cultivars and which might be lost or forgotten varieties. So far he’s found more than 150 unique genetic fingerprints that don’t match anything in old reference collections. 

Some of those varieties show up in multiple towns, suggesting they are long-lost cultivars that no longer exist anywhere else. hey are a living link to an era when Wyoming was serious apple country.

Two varieties that keep showing up, meanwhile, are Wealthy and Haralson, both bred in Minnesota. They are roughly one-third of all the identified surviving trees in his data set.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"More Than Charming History"}]

Magby doesn’t see Wyoming apples as a charming historical footnote. He believes these survivors are pointing the way to a viable agricultural commodity for the state, one that could lead to more products that are made in Wyoming, such as Farmstead Cider in Jackson Hole. Making products in Wyoming — referred to as value-added products — is a better bang for the buck. It keeps most of the economic value chain in-state.

Apple cider production makes a lot of sense in Wyoming, alongside the growing microbrewery scene, Magby said. People also just enjoy fresh produce that’s been grown in Wyoming, whether that’s an apple or other fruits.

“We take pride in anything that’s been produced in Wyoming,” Magby said. “So I’d love to see someone take a strong stance of producing and backing development of cultivars and revamping testing of grape and pear varieties and other small fruits, just to provide that diversity, not just in fresh food products, but also diversity of economies.”

Bellorado is already living that future at Farmstead Cider, thanks to bear-safety grants that helped launch a business to haul apples out of backyards and ghost orchards. 

Now, instead of attracting trouble, those apples are a useful and delicious product in a growing business. It’s more joy to the human world, all from abandoned, pioneer apple trees.

Apples Ian Mc Gregor co owner of Farmstead Cider Courtesy Photo 6 27 26

<title>Wyoming’s Ghost Apple Orchard Trees Have Been Rediscovered And Are Producing | Cowboy State Daily</title>

Wyoming was once thick with apples. In fact, it was a top apple producer. Now those forgotten apple trees are being rediscovered by small cider houses. "They're everywhere," said one cider house owner. "Lander was called Apple Town before Lander."

Wyoming’s Ghost Apple Orchard Trees Have Been Rediscovered And Are Producing

Heinz mark

Mark Heinz

Hunting

Wyoming is frequently called “the antelope capital of the world,” but with this year’s hunting tag results many hunters aren’t feeling it.

When the Wyoming Game and Fish Department announced draw results earlier this month, hunters’ social media forums started lighting up with comments like, “I struck out on antelope.”

For many resident hunters, the yearly ritual of entering the antelope draw once was essentially a formality. Hunters practically considered it a guarantee.  

That’s changed, and possibly for good, some seasoned Wyoming antelope hunters said.

Guy Eastman of Cody put in for a tag in Hunt Area 61, near Wamsutter, and didn’t draw.

Granted, that’s always been a tough tag to get because it’s in highly coveted hunting territory, said Eastman, who represents the third generation of the famous outdoor multimedia family.

"That’s the heart of Carbon County. That’s the number one county in the country for big antelope,” he said.

However, it is his fourth year in a row of striking out, which he views as unusual.

And it seems to be the same story across the hunting community, Eastman said.

“I don’t know anybody who drew a good antelope tag in my network of people,” he said. "I didn’t draw anything. Nor antelope, no deer, no elk. Not a darn thing.” 

Larry Hicks has hunted Wyoming antelope for decades. And as a state senator and conservationist, he’s been involved in wildlife policy issues.

This year, he applied for an antelope tag in Hunt Area 68, which he didn’t draw.

Area 68 is a highly desirable hunt area that runs from Jeffrey City to the north side of the Ferris Mountains.  

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Putting In For The Draw"}]

Wyoming offers both limited quota and general hunting tags for deer and elk. 

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"}],"text":"Antelope tags are limited quota only."}]

General tags may be purchased over-the-counter at any time.

Hunters must apply and pay for limited quota tags in advance, usually in May. Those who don’t draw tags have their money refunded, minus an application fee.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"}],"text":"Resident antelope tags cost $37."}]

Non-resident tags cost $326 for the regular non-resident draw and $1,200 for the special first-round non-resident draw.

When applying for tags, hunters list their first-, second- and third-choice hunt areas.

The draw system is set up so residents “don’t compete” directly with non-residents for tags because non-resident tag allocations percentages are pre-set, Hicks said.

The pricey special non-resident draw has much better odds than the regular non-resident draw, but there’s still no guarantee of getting a tag, he said.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Winterkill And Drought"}]

Many hunt areas in Fremont, Carbon, Sublette and Carbon counties are considered the best of the best, and were always difficult to draw tags, Hicks noted.

Even so, draw odds have dropped, mostly because herds in those areas are still recovering from devastating losses during the harsh winter of 2022-2023.

"We’re down tens of thousands of antelope, and a lot of those are in the premier areas across south-central Wyoming,” Hicks said.

And fewer antelope means Game and Fish will issue fewer tags.

“The drawing odds have gone to heck (in some hunt areas) because there are no tags,” Hicks said.

Some areas that might have had as many as 200 antelope tags a few years ago had only 25 resident tags this year, he said.

It could take up to eight years for antelope herds to recover from the devastating winterkill losses, “and we’re about three years in,” he said.

And current drought conditions could hamper the recovery, Hicks said.

“I worry about antelope fawn survival rates this summer in dry conditions,” he said. “If it gets too dry, the does will quit lactating in August, and the fawns will die.”

While numbers might be down in parts of Wyoming, the demand for tags isn’t.

Eastman noted that in years past, the number of first-choice applicants for Type 1 (any antelope) tags in Area 61 was about 500. This year, there were close to 600 applicants for 89 available Type 1 resident tags. And there were 183 second-choice and applicants and 106 third-choice applicants.

The situation was similar in other hunt areas, according to 

Hunt Area 53, in south Carbon County, had seven resident Type 1 Tags available. There were 169 first-choice applicants, 127 second-choice and 111 third-choice.  

Area 72, in central Natrona County, had a comparatively generous supply of 616 Type 1 resident tags, which were first-choice for 955 applicants, along with 364 for second-choice and 140 third-choice applicants.   

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Willing To Pay The Price"}]

Dax McCarty runs the Douglas-Based Wagonhound Outfitters. Most of his guided antelope hunts are in Area 30 near Douglas.

Herds in that part of Wyoming didn’t suffer as badly during the 2022-2023 winter.

“In the areas where we hunt, the population has stayed steady,” he told Cowboy State Daily.

His clients had good luck drawing tags this year, he said, even though the overall trend has been toward longer odds.

“The antelope draw has been getting a little bit tougher, but draws have been getting tougher for everything because of the increase in demand,” McCarty said.

The guided hunts he offers are mostly on private land and offer a good balance of abundant opportunity and high-quality trophy bucks, he said.

Non-resident clients can gain an edge in the draws by accumulating preference points.

He recommends that those with fewer preference points pay the extra money to put in for the special non-resident tag draw.

Because Wyoming has such a stellar reputation for antelope hunting, “they’re will to pay for that special draw,” McCarty said.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle"},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"More Hunters Moving In"}]

Eastman said he expects the competition to increase for hunting tags across the board.

Because of his presence in hunting media, “I talk to a lot of hunters from all over the country,” he said. 

He’s found that increasingly, hunters are moving to Wyoming to gain resident status.

A person must live in Wyoming for a full calendar year to qualify for resident hunting tags.

On paper, Wyoming’s population growth seems small, but Eastman noted a high percentage of newcomers coming primarily because of the hunting and angling.

“More people have the opportunity to work remotely. And if they’re sick of putting in for the non-resident tag draws, they think, ‘If I’m going to work remote, I’m going to move to Wyoming and hunt as a resident',” he said.

“The holes that’s left in Wyoming’s population by people who die or move out is being filled by people who come here to recreate, hunt and fish,” Eastman said.

Even so, Wyoming will remain one of the best states for hunters, he added.

“It’s not all doom and gloom. There’s still good hunting in Wyoming,” he said.

“The good thing is, Wyoming has enough public and enough rough country” to keep hunters from crowding out each other, he said.

Pronghorn 6 26 26

<title>With Antelope Numbers Still Down, This Year’s Tag Draw Dismal For Many Hunters | Cowboy State Daily</title>

Wyoming hunters who didn’t draw antelope tags this year aren't alone. “I don’t know anybody who drew a good antelope tag,” said prominent outdoorsman Guy Eastman. They blame the winter of 2022-2023, which devastated antelope populations.

With Antelope Numbers Still Down, This Year’s Tag Draw Dismal For Many Hunters

Lange at chic fil a

Jonathan Lange

Opinion

CSD Columnists

During Family Month, this column has spotlighted the need that children have for a stable home headed by their biological father and mother. We have talked about putting children’s needs above adult desires in matters of marriage and in artificial reproductive technology.

But even children who have the most stable of loving home environments can be harmed when parental rights are subverted. Parental rights are children’s rights because children have the right not only to food, clothing, and physical safety. They also have the right to the truth.

Education includes reading, writing, and arithmetic, but that’s not all. Education is about the total spiritual formation of a child. It teaches a child who he or she is, how he or she relates to the world, and what are the fundamental truths of the universe. As such, all education is fundamentally religious.

Parents may enlist the help of relatives, friends, and fellow citizens to educate their children, but the ultimate responsibility remains their own. That unalienable responsibility translates into an unalienable right.

Because parents are required to oversee what their children are being taught, they have a resultant right to know what their children are being taught. Educators who respect parental rights are open and transparent about what happens at school. Those that are not subvert the most basic rights of children and have no business in the classroom.

This is why the federal government passed the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) in 1974 and the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA) in 1978.

According to the U.S. Department of Education, FERPA “is a federal law that affords parents the right to have access to their children’s education records [and] the right to seek to have the records amended.”

PPRA is directed at state and local education agencies. It prevents them from gathering information about political or religious beliefs of the student or of parents, sexual behavior and attitudes, or psychological problems - among other things.

Both laws were designed to prohibit the inexcusable behavior of Sweetwater County School District #1 towards Ashley and Sean Willey. Whether or not Judge Scott Skavdahl got the ruling right last April, the Willey’s parental rights were violated and, as a result, the state harmed their child.

Adults who are responsible for protecting children should see to it that no child in Wyoming is ever harmed that way again. That’s why Representative Darin McCann (R-Rock Springs) offered HB 157 Protection of parental rights-cause of action. The House of Representatives passed it overwhelmingly (55-6) and the Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approved it.

But the Senate leadership refused to bring it to the floor. And senators Anderson, Barlow, Boner, Brennan, Case, Cooper, Crago, Crum, Dockstader, Driskill, Gierau, Landen, Love, Nethercott, Olsen, Pappas, Rothfuss, Schuler, and Scott defeated a motion which would have forced a vote.

Even so, no family should be forced to spend time and money to sue their child’s school. FERPA and PPRA are federal laws that should be enforced by the U.S. Department of Justice.

That’s why it was good news for every Wyomingite when Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights, Harmeet Dhillon, inked an “historic inter-agency agreement” between the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division and the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights.

“If a school has a policy or practice that blocks you from exercising your rights, we will investigate,” Dhillon said in a June 18, video. “If necessary, we will litigate. If a school continues to violate the law, then that school will not receive federal funds anymore.”

FERPA and PPRA “are simple and clear,” said Dhillon. “A school cannot hide your child’s educational records or curriculum from you, and it cannot force your child to discuss sensitive topics without your consent.”

If there is one thing that the Willey’s treatment taught Wyoming, it is that you cannot protect parental rights too much. Every enforcement tool from the federal DOJ and DOE to the local school board should be protecting a child’s right to be raised by his or her own parents—without being harmed by non-related ideologues who can never love a child as much as his own parents do.

And next year, when veto-proof parental rights legislation comes before the Wyoming Senate, the least it can do is to allow the senators to cast a vote. We owe our children that much.

 is a Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod pastor in Evanston and Kemmerer and serves the Wyoming Pastors Network. Follow his blog at https://jonathanlange.substack.com/. Email: JLange64@protonmail.com.

<title>Jonathan Lange: Parental Rights Are Children’s Rights | Cowboy State Daily</title>

Columnist Jonathan Lange writes, “Every enforcement tool from the federal DOJ and DOE to the local school board should be protecting a child’s right to be raised by his or her own parents.”

Jonathan Lange: Parental Rights Are Children’s Rights

Headshot of Cowboy State Daily's general assignment reporter, Clair McFarland.

Clair McFarland

Crime & Courts

Next week Idaho will adopt the firing squad as its primary execution method due to availability and failure problems with lethal injection. 

A lawmaker tried to give Wyoming a firing squad option while the state still had a convicted rapist and murderer on death row in 2014, but the bill didn’t clear the Legislature. 

Wyoming law calls for executions by lethal injection. If lethal injection is found unconstitutional, the state can use a gas chamber.

Dale Wayne Eaton, the “Li’l Miss” killer, was convicted in 2004 for kidnapping, raping and murdering Lisa Marie Kimmell 16 years earlier in Wyoming. The jury called for the death penalty.

But in 2014, while Eaton’s appeal was ongoing, many states were running short of the chemicals to perform lethal injections.  

“So we may have had a problem coming up with the drugs needed for the execution,” 

Burns, a Republican of Sheridan, told Cowboy State Daily in a Thursday phone interview.

It would be expensive to build a gas chamber, Burns reasoned, adding, “I always thought gas chamber the most gruesome form of execution anyway.”

Idaho is spending $1.2 million to retrofit an execution chamber for its new firing squad method, the 

[{"type":"text","text":"It doesn’t have to be that expensive, Burns countered."}]

“I don’t know that you’d necessarily need to build a room,” he said. “Even if you did, it could just be cinderblocks.”

[{"type":"text","text":"The Eaton case fizzled in the years that followed."}]

A federal district court judge overturned his death sentence in 2014 because defense lawyers hadn’t pursued a mental-health defense despite Eaton’s mental-health problems.

Prosecutors said they intended to seek the death penalty again on the re-trial, and the trial court ordered a mental evaluation. Then in his mid-70s, Eaton had suffered strokes, dementia and depression, and the trial court found him incompetent to stand trial.

Prosecutors withdrew the death penalty case in 2021 and he was re-sentenced to life in prison the next year.

[{"type":"text","text":"Now 81, Eaton remains in Wyoming's prison system.  "}]

Burns’ 2014 bill made national headlines and surfaced on late-night commentator Stephen Colbert’s show.

“This was back when (Colbert) played the faux conservative,” recalled Burns. “It had a picture of me with the graphic ‘thrift justice.’”

The Senate rejected the bill 17-13 on its introductory vote. In even-numbered years, non-budget bills require a two-thirds vote to clear introduction and enter the chamber.

Burns’ legislation resurfaced as a Joint Judiciary Committee bill in 2015, when it had a longer trajectory.

It cleared the Senate and House of Representatives both. The House margin was narrow: 32-28.

In Burns’ view, “the House screwed it up six ways to Sunday and it got to conference committee and it died.”  

Rep. Bob Nicholas, R-Cheyenne, who remains in the House today, secured an amendment requiring Wyoming to administer a sleep drug to a convict before having him shot.

Burns said the “knockout drug” was part of the drug shortfall for lethal injections in the first place, however.

[{"type":"text","text":"Nicholas could not be reached for comment by publication."}]

Burns, Nicholas and other lawmakers later attempted a compromise, saying the state would offer, rather than require, sedation. But the bill failed two conference, or negotiation committees and it died.

[{"type":"text","text":"Look, Speaking Practically"}]

Wyoming Department of Corrections Dan Shannon declined Thursday to speak to the moral and humaneness questions around the death penalty and different methods.

“I consider it’s my responsibility to follow the law and perform the duty as required, and I’d certainly do so,” he said. He added that as for Idaho, “whatever Idaho decides is best for them.”

But if his agency received a death warrant, it’s important to have multiple methods available, Shannon said.

“A primary, or only method, I think, can really get you tied up in court,” he noted.

More than 20 pharmaceutical companies, including 

, banned the use of their medicines in lethal injections in 2016. States scrambled for substitutes. As they did, the number of botched executions spiked, 

[{"type":"text","text":"Some states “compound” or craft the concoction themselves."}]

[{"type":"text","text":"“I believe that’s not the approach,” Shannon said."}]

 For one thing, he said, compounding lethal drugs provokes even more litigation than already surrounds the death penalty.

“In the event that we received a death warrant, I’d approach the legislators and I’d ask, one, that we leave the lethal injection and second, (they’d adopt) nitrogen hypoxia,” or gas, Shannon said.

When Burns’ bill started circulating in 2014, the DOC recommended $30,000 to adjust for the firing squad adjustments. That would be much higher now, noted Shannon, referencing Idaho’s $1.2 million price tag and inflation.

[{"type":"text","text":"No One On Death Row"}]

[{"type":"text","text":"This issue is distant from Shannon in reality, however."}]

 Mark Hopkinson’s lethal injection in 1992 – 13 years after he was convicted.

Hopkinson had ordered the torturous murder of 23-year-old Jeffrey Green, who was set to testify against him for the 1977 bombing of an attorney’s home in which three people died.

The last-minute question of whether then-Gov. Mike Sullivan should commute Hopkinson’s death sentence in 1992 harrowed the governor, he told Cowboy State Daily in an interview last May.  

“You’re not faced with that kind of decision very often,” Sullivan said.

 He had support from others. His priest stayed with him in his office in Cheyenne the day of Hopkinson’s execution.

The depths of contemplation Sullivan reached changed him, though he now can’t pinpoint exactly how. After people surmount decisions that serious, they become more introspective, more thoughtful, he said.

On the one hand, Sullivan knew the state he led was about to take a life. On the other hand, not even the rigid constraints of federal prison had kept Hopkinson from having Green killed.   

That was Sullivan’s chief consideration when he ultimately chose not to commute the man’s death sentence, he said.

Wyoming’s former DOC director Bob Lampert told Cowboy State Daily on Thursday that he disagrees with the death penalty.

Idaho is switching from lethal injections to firing squad executions on July 1. Wyoming almost added firing squad executions as an alternate method in 2014 because lethal injection drugs were scarce and 'Lil Miss' killer Dale Wayne Eaton was still on death row.

Daily Darwin: Friday, December 1, 2023

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