Daily Smile

[{"type":"text","text":"Best friends..."}]

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Cowboy State Daily is Wyoming’s largest newspaper with Wyoming’s most experienced journalists. 

<title>Daily Smile: Sunday, September 17, 2023 | Cowboy State Daily</title>

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Daily Smile: Sunday, September 17, 2023

Headshot of Cowboy State Daily's Feature Reporter, Andrew Rossi.

Andrew Rossi

Outdoors

Wildlife

Yellowstone National Park will spare the life of the bison that 

 hurt Washington state resident Carl Isom-McDaniel, 65, at the Bridge Bay Campground on Friday.

 that “no management action” will be taken against the bull bison that tossed McDaniel 8 feet into the air during an aggressive 

That means the bison won’t be relocated or euthanized. It will live the rest of its natural life safely inside Yellowstone.

Yellowstone officials didn’t respond to multiple Cowboy State Daily requests to confirm TMZ’s report.

Yellowstone officials rarely take management action against wildlife that injures visitors unless the offending animal shows signs of habituated behavior. The actions of wildlife are often seen as natural responses rather than deliberate acts of aggression.

Even grizzlies that attack and seriously injure park guests usually get off the hook, so long as the attack was determined to be a natural behavior, like defending cubs or a food source.

Identifying just which bison tossed the Washington man also could be extremely difficult after the fact.

Both McDaniel and the bison have been under scrutiny for their actions during the encounter. While Yellowstone is giving the bison a pass, many people are acknowledging that McDaniel wasn’t at fault, either.

McDaniel supports the decision to not euthanize the bison, expressing his desire that the bison not be penalized or euthanized for injuring him.

“(The bison) was right on top of me,” 

. “He could have stomped on me. He could have gored me. He could have done almost anything to take my life, but he did not do so.”

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Reading The Bison Book"}]

Ecologist and bison expert George Wuerthner reviewed the video of McDaniel’s encounter with the bison. Based on the bison’s behavior during and leading up to the toss, he commended McDaniel for how he handled the encounter.

“He couldn’t have done much to prevent that charge,” he told Cowboy State Daily. “I don’t know if I would have done any better.”

Bison, like many animals, have recognizable behavioral patterns that indicate their moods. Experienced biologists and photographers can, essentially, read a bison’s mind by analyzing its body language and movements.

[{"type":"text","text":"In this instance, the bull bison’s behavior was easy to read. "}]

It was highly agitated and looking for a fight before McDaniel and his 13-year-old grandson were even in its line of sight.

“If you notice, the bull had its tail up in the air,” Wuerthner said. “That indicates that it was very agitated. It’s a behavior that bison do with other bison, and the other bison know what it means.”

What agitated the bison? People have speculated about everything from the movements of a white pickup driving by to being teased by other tourists before charging and tossing McDaniel.

Wuerthner has a simpler, more natural explanation. Heat, environmentally and biologically.

“The rut is on,” he said. “When bull bison are going through the rut, their hormones are going, and they’re much more agitated in general.”

According to the National Park Service, Yellowstone’s bison reach the peak of the rut in July and August. During that time, males display their dominance by bellowing, wallowing, and picking fights with other bulls that occasionally turn lethal.

This aggression is driven by hormones and instinct. The dominant males get to mate with the most females.

the photographer who filmed McDaniel’s encounter 

with the bison, also understands bison behavior. He said the incident he observed was “weird.”

“If you've been around bison for a while, you know what to expect from these guys at this time of year,” he said. “This changed my idea of what to expect, because I would not have predicted that happening.”

In this heightened state, it doesn’t take much to provoke the wrath of a bull bison. Sometimes, it takes nothing at all.

However, MacLeod knew McDaniel wouldn't want the bison to suffer for its actions. 

"He didn’t want the bison killed,” he said. “Sometimes, they put animals down for these things, for animals being themselves, and Carl didn’t want that.”

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"What To Do Differently?"}]

After viewing the video captured by MacLeod, Wuerthner doesn’t fault McDaniel for anything he did to avoid serious injury, even if it ended with him being seriously injured.

“He was right trying to get into that little grove of trees,” he said. “He probably wasn't thinking this way at the time, but I would have tried to climb one of those trees to prevent the bison from getting to him.”

A possible alternative might have been getting into one of the nearby vehicles in the Bridge Bay Campground. However, people don’t instinctively jump into a stranger’s vehicle, even when making life-or-death, on-the-spot decisions.

Many people have said that McDaniel was too close to the bison, and that prompted the attack.

 MacLeod has repeatedly denied this, saying McDaniel and his grandson were far beyond the 25-yard minimum Yellowstone asks people to keep between themselves and bison, elk, and other large herbivores.

Wuerthner agreed, while adding that the distance wouldn’t have made much difference.

“Bison are incredibly fast,” he said, adding that, “25 yards is a safe distance, but that doesn’t mean it’s completely safe. Even bears are happy to come up to people and quickly cross  100 yards if there’s some reason they might want to.”

However, there’s another factor to consider. McDaniel was simultaneously trying to avoid the bison while deliberately keeping its attention.

According to MacLeod, McDaniel’s priority was protecting his grandson. 

To do this, he told his grandson to run while he kept the bison’s attention by running into and around the trees.

“He led the bison on that wild goose chase to keep him away from his grandson,” he said.

[{"type":"text","text":"To that end, he was successful. McDaniel’s grandson was unharmed."}]

Given these circumstances, it’s hard to fault McDaniel for anything he did or didn’t do, Wuerthner said. He made several split-second decisions that were the best decisions given the circumstances.

“I don't know how much people will do and are willing to do, especially if they’re unaware of how dangerous the bison can be under certain circumstances,” he said. “There isn’t much more he could have done.”

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Safety Never Guaranteed"}]

After the incident, McDaniel was hospitalized in critical condition with his right femur broken in four places. He’s undergone surgery and is 

Wuerthner knows how bison can break their own patterns of behavior and do unpredictable things, especially during the rut. He speaks from experience.

“One summer, I hiked up a small ridge in the open grasslands of Lamar Valley,” he said. “Suddenly, this bison herd started coming right towards me and split up. I literally could have reached out on either side and touched bison. They were less than 4 feet away, on their side.”

Wuerthner wasn’t hurt, but admittedly was “scared of an attack” as the bison passed by. Even so, he had been more than 25 yards away from the nearest bison when the whole herd decided to move in his direction.

Most human-bison incidents happen when someone gets too close to a bison, deliberately or accidentally.

In this instance, Wuerthner has joined many others in exonerating McDaniel. Still, he feels there’s a valuable lesson to be learned from the experience.

“People tend to look at the wildlife in Yellowstone like they would if they were at a zoo,” he said. “Those animals are accustomed to people, but that doesn't negate their natural, wild tendencies. And, in their wild conditions, Yellowstone’s wildlife will react differently than an animal in the zoo.”

He also had a tidbit of wisdom based on the human behavior he’s observed in Yellowstone: there’s no protection across the road.

“People think it’s safe on the side of the road because the wildlife knows they’re not supposed to be there,” he said. “I see it all the time. Roads are for human occupation, and off-road is for wildlife.”

Twenty-five yards is the “safe” distance Yellowstone tourists are asked to keep between themselves and bison. Most of the time, it’s a completely safe distance, but McDaniel’s bison encounter shows that safety should never be taken for granted.

“More people get hurt by bison than by any other animal in Yellowstone,” Wuerthner said. “That’s partly because people underestimate how bison will react when they approach and how quickly they can respond. People need to know that they’re dangerous.”

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<title>Yellowstone Won’t Kill Angry Bison That Tossed, Seriously Hurt Man At Campground | Cowboy State Daily</title>

Yellowstone National Park will spare the life of the bison that seriously hurt a 65-year-old grandpa from Washington. Park officials said “no management action” will be taken against the bison which means it won’t be relocated or euthanized.

Yellowstone Won’t Kill Angry Bison That Tossed, Seriously Hurt Man At Campground

Kolby fedore

Kolby Fedore

Crime & Courts

Public Safety

A blown tire on a commercial truck appears to be what triggered a crash Wednesday that shut down U.S. Highway 20/26 outside Shoshoni for nearly four hours, leaving motorists stranded in sweltering near 100-degree temperatures while emergency crews cleared the road.

Wyoming Highway Patrol Public Information Officer Aaron Brown said an eastbound semitruck east of Shoshoni traveling toward Casper suffered a tire failure at about 10:30 a.m., causing it to drift into the westbound lane and sideswipe a GMC Yukon. 

Brown said there were no fatalities, though the extent of any injuries was not immediately available because troopers were still working at the scene. 

The highway was closed for nearly four hours as temperatures — expected to hit the high-90s and get near 100 Wednesday — rose while people were stuck behind the crash.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hours In The Heat"}]

Scott Spiess of Lander told Cowboy State Daily he became stuck in the backup around 10 a.m. and remained there for hours.

"It says it's 94 where I'm sitting right now, so it's probably closer to about 98 on the highway," Spiess said while waiting for the road to reopen. "People hauling horses, I would be concerned about their animals."

Spiess said he never saw the collision itself but watched as a large emergency response unfold.

"I do know that they brought in three flatbed wreckers and two semi wreckers, and at one point in time, they had two helicopters and several fire department and police department vehicles on scene,” he said.

Photos shared with Cowboy State Daily show emergency vehicles, a helicopter and heavy-duty wreckers gathered along the highway as traffic stretched into the distance.

Another image shows one of the commercial trucks involved with extensive front-end damage and its engine compartment exposed.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Investigation Continues"}]

Brown said the Wyoming Highway Patrol expects to temporarily close the highway again Thursday so investigators can reconstruct the crash and determine exactly what happened.

[{"type":"text","text":"A timeline for that closure has not yet been announced. "}]

[{"type":"text","text":"The crash remains under investigation."}]

Highway 2026 crash Unknown 51 7 15 269

<title>Crash Shuts Down Highway 20/26 Near Shoshoni For Hours In Near 100-Degree Heat | Cowboy State Daily</title>

A blown tire on a semitrailer sent it into the opposite lane, sideswiping a GMC Yukon and closing U.S. 20/26 near Shoshoni for more than four hours Wednesday, stranding motorists in near 100-degree heat. 

Crash Shuts Down Highway 20/26 Near Shoshoni For Hours In Near 100-Degree Heat

Heinz mark

Mark Heinz

There’s cause for Wyoming wildlife advocates to celebrate — and be frustrated — as one major wildlife crossing project is running ahead of schedule, while another remains stalled by a lack of federal money.

Work began this spring on a roughly $30 million wildlife crossing project that will go over U.S. Highway 189 near Kemmerer in what’s been called a 

That project was initially expected to be finished in late 2028. Now, the completion date is Oct. 31, 2027, about a year ahead of schedule.

Meanwhile, what conservationists say is an equally urgent crossing project along U.S. Highway 26/287 near Dubois remains on indefinite hold after failed efforts to snag federal funding.

About $2.6 million in private donations have been raised for that project, and some state money might also be available. 

However, an estimated $16 million in federal grant money is needed to meet the roughly $28 million budget.

The plan is to build three wildlife underpasses and an overpass along a 25-mile stretch of Highway 26/287, where 

It was hoped that construction could begin there in 2027, but with funding still not secured, that might not be possible.

WYldlife Fund Vice President Breanna Ball told Cowboy State Daily that her group and others are determined to see the project through.

But it’s in a crowded field of requests for federal money.

“There are needs for wildlife crossings all over the West, and even across the country, so there is lots of competition (for grants),” she said.

The project on Highway 189 involves a 30-mile stretch between Evanston and Kemmerer, where traffic has taken a heavy toll on mule deer, elk and pronghorn.

It will include seven wildlife underpasses, an overpass and 63 miles of 8-foot-tall deer fence to help guide wildlife to the safe crossings, according to the Wyoming Department of Transportation.

The highway there cuts through a vital migration route for the Wyoming Range mule deer herd, considered by hunters to be among the most prized of Wyoming’s wildlife.

The herd typically spends the summer and fall in the Wyoming Range mountains, and then winters on the vast flats between the Wyoming Range and Wind River mountains.

Along U.S. 189, state Game and Fish officials say an average of 80 deer-vehicle collisions are reported there annually, although that number is likely underreported. 

The Dubois project would help secure a vital migration route for mule deer between summer range in the Grand Teton area, and winter range on the Wind River Indian Reservation.

“WYDOT did submit for a federal BUILD grant for the Dubois wildlife crossing project design work, and while the agency was awarded two BUILD grants in this cycle, the Dubois project was unfortunately not one of the winning awards,” agency spokeswoman Jordan Young stated in an email to Cowboy State Daily.

“WYDOT's grant writers will continue to submit the project for any eligible federal grants. Since we are pursuing grants for design work, we have no expected date for construction,” she added.

Ball said that the WYldlife Fund will keep trying to raise private donations to go toward engineering costs for the Dubois crossing project.

If detailed engineering plans for the project were available, it could greatly increase the chances of landing a federal grant for construction costs, she said.

Retired Game and Fish habitat manager and wildlife biologist Walt Gasson told Cowboy State Daily that seeking federal grants can be frustrating.

“It’s hard to convince some people, and sometimes those people hold purse strings,” he said.

There should be no doubt that the Dubois wildlife crossings are needed, Gasson said — not only to spare wildlife, but also for human safety.

“I can’t count the number of times I’ve had near-misses with deer between Dubois and Burris, especially at night,” he said.

Protecting wildlife also protects Wyoming’s economy, Gasson added.

“This is most assuredly not just a ‘feel good’ project,” he said. "This is about what Wyoming’s people bring to the table for the country, and that’s free-ranging wildlife."

“The easiest thing to see is dead critters. What you don’t see is loss of revenue to communities like Dubois. What is Dubois’ claim to fame? Wild things in wild places.”

The key will be getting federal grant managers to see things that way, he said.

“It’s hard to convince somebody who doesn’t understand Wyoming and our reliance on the tourism economy,” he said.

Given the factors of economy, wildlife protection and public safety, the need for the Dubois crossings should be “a blinding flash of the obvious,” he said.

Kemmerer wildlife Arch 1 7 15 26

<title>$30M Kemmerer Wildlife Crossing Ahead Of Schedule, $28M Dubois Project Stalled | Cowboy State Daily</title>

A $30 million wildlife crossing in a “death zone” for deer on U.S. Highway 189 near Kemmerer is about a year ahead of schedule. But another $28 million project near Dubois, which conservationists say is equally vital, is stalled over money.

$30M Kemmerer Wildlife Crossing Ahead Of Schedule, $28M Dubois Project Stalled

Courts

Nearly three weeks after a commercial tanker 

in a construction zone west of Casper, killing two people and injuring eight others, no criminal charges have been filed as a Wyoming Highway Patrol investigation continues.

That isn't stopping a Casper attorney from pursuing the first civil lawsuit stemming from the deadly crash on behalf of a family hurt in the pileup.

The negligence lawsuit, filed Friday in Natrona County District Court, names Ryan Brothers Trucking Inc. and a John Doe defendant, identified as the tanker driver whose identity was not yet known to the plaintiffs when the complaint was filed.

The identity of the truck driver hasn’t been publicly released as the investigation is active, the Wyoming Highway Patrol has said.

Contacted by Cowboy State Daily on Wednesday, WHP spokesman Aaron Brown said the investigation has so far taken weeks because of the sheer amount of evidence investigators must review.

Unlike a typical fatal crash, this one involved a commercial tanker truck and seven other vehicles, which requires investigators to analyze electronic data from the truck and any available from all the civilian vehicles.

“It’s the scale. There’s a ton of data to be coming out of this thing,” Brown said. “We have a ton of data to sift through to try and get this thing done."

The lawsuit was filed on behalf of Makensi Van Patten and Chantry Van Patten, individually and as parents and guardians of their two minor children.

A Wyoming Highway Patrol crash summary reports that the driver of a westbound Western Star tanker truck failed to stop for traffic queued to enter a one-lane construction zone on U.S. Highway 20/26 near mile marker 58.3, striking seven stopped vehicles.

The crash killed James Faris Cox, 74, and Susan Horn Cox, 69, of Golden, Colorado, and injured eight others. The Highway Patrol listed driver inattention as a possible contributing factor.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Family Seeks Damages"}]

The lawsuit alleges the tanker driver negligently failed to stop for traffic backed up at the construction zone, triggering the eight-vehicle chain-reaction crash.

It further claims the Van Patten family's Toyota Highlander was struck after the commercial truck plowed into the line of stopped vehicles.

Makensi and Chantry Van Patten, along with their two children, suffered physical injuries in the collision, according to the complaint. 

It also claims the parents and one of the children witnessed another family member suffer serious bodily injury, causing emotional trauma in addition to physical injuries.

The family is seeking compensation for medical expenses, pain and suffering, emotional distress, permanent injuries, loss of enjoyment of life, lost earning capacity and other damages to be determined at trial.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"'Get This Case Going' "}]

Attorney Dallas Laird, who represents the family along with James Fitzgerald, said the lawsuit was filed to protect his clients' legal rights.

"The lawsuit was filed to get this case going and to preserve my client's rights," Laird told Cowboy State Daily on Wednesday.

Laird said it is too early to determine the full extent of the family's damages.

"We don't know at this point because they're still in treatment, and these are kind of long-term injuries," he said.

Asked what the family hopes to accomplish through the litigation, Laird answered simply: "A settlement of the case."

He added that the complaint could change as additional evidence becomes available.

"Our theory is, at this point, we may have to amend the complaint once we get the Highway Patrol report," Laird said.

[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Fifth Amendment "}]

Among the lawsuit's allegations is that the tanker driver invoked the Fifth Amendment right with law enforcement and declined to answer questions following the crash.

[{"type":"text","text":"\"That was told to me by the Highway Patrol,\" Laird said. "}]

Since the crash, Cowboy State Daily has repeatedly asked about the investigation and the potential for criminal charges to be filed. 

Among the unanswered questions are whether the tanker driver has been cited, arrested or could face criminal charges; whether investigators can confirm the lawsuit's allegation that the driver invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination; whether the case has been referred to prosecutors for criminal review; and when investigators expect to conclude the investigation.

The Highway Patrol did not respond except to say the investigation remains active and that it’s complicated and involved nature takes time to complete. 

Cowboy State Daily also reached out to Natrona County District Attorney Dan Itzen to ask whether the case has been submitted for criminal review or whether any charges are anticipated. He also did not respond before publication.

As of Wednesday afternoon, no criminal charges had been announced in connection with the crash.

Ryan Brothers Trucking said that it has "no comment on ongoing litigation at this time."

Double Fatal Crash Go Fund Me 7 15

<title>Family Hurt In Semi Crash That Killed 2 West Of Casper Sues Trucker, Company | Cowboy State Daily</title>

A family hurt in a crash west of Casper that killed two people when a semitruck plowed into a construction zone is suing the trucking company and the as-yet unidentified truck driver. No criminal charges have yet been filed as an investigation continues.

Family Hurt In Semi Crash That Killed 2 West Of Casper Sues Trucker, Company

Mac Watson

Daily Video News

It’s time to take a look at what’s happening around Wyoming for Wednesday, July 15th.  I’m Mac Watson

This newscast is brought to you by the Wyoming State Fair. Wrap up your summer at the Wyoming State Fair, August 11th through the 15th in Douglas!

Rodeo, Demolition Derby, live music, entertainment and fair food await. Learn more at W-Y State Fair dot com. See you at the fair! This ad was paid for by Converse County Tourism.

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Some Teton County county commissioners say putting an employee housing complex on top of a morgue makes sense due to the housing shortage. But Cowboy State Daily’s Clair McFarland reports that the coroner's office is strongly against it. 

“So the coroner Brent Blue of Teton County is saying this. ‘Who would want to live above a morgue in an industrial area?’ Maybe consider temporary housing if you're going to push the issue. County commissioners, conversely, are saying, ‘To get two, maybe more housing units for a million bucks by stacking it on the morgue plans that are already underway – that's amazing for Teton County, which is riddled with dire housing shortages for workforce, including county employees. Why would we not?’”

Chief Deputy Coroner Russell Nelson, who’s running to lead the office, was less subtle, comparing it to being “downwind of the carcass disposal pit at the Transfer Station.”

The U.S. House passed a bill Tuesday to make daylight saving time permanent. But Cowboy State Daily’s Kolby Fedore reports that Rep. Harriet Hageman was one of only 22 Republicans who voted against it, arguing it would put schoolchildren in the dark.

“Wyoming's Representative Harriet Hageman voted against the measure, saying it would rob farmers and ranchers of precious sunlight. HR 139 would make daylight savings permanent if it is passed by the Senate and signed into law by President Donald Trump. The Senate has not yet scheduled to vote on the Sunshine Act. We reached out to Senator Barrasso. He told reporters, we'll see when it gets here.”

The 308-117 vote advances the act to the Senate, which if approved would make daylight saving time permanent. Most Americans would stop changing their clocks twice a year and instead remain on daylight saving time year-round.

The photographer who shot video of the Yellowstone bison attacking the 65-year-old grandpa ran after the animal when he saw it standing over the man. Cowboy State Daily’s Andrew Rossi spoke with professional photographer Mike MacLeod who says, "I just started running at the bison, yelling, jumping in the air, trying to be intimidating.”

“He rushed at the bison, trying to make himself as large and loud and intimidating as possible. But he didn't really frame that as heroic or brave. He said that was just what needed to be done, and he acted kind of instinctually. And when McCloud was with McDaniel waiting for Yellowstone EMS to arrive, he gave him a 9.5 out of 10 in terms of the landing after being tossed in the air, and McDaniel said, "Well, if you'd caught me a couple years sooner, I would have stuck it.”

Thankfully, other observers followed MacLeod’s lead, yelling and running toward the bison which was enough to send it running.

Despite promising a press conference this week to address the Meta data center contamination of Cheyenne’s wastewater system, the Board of Public Utilities now says it won’t. Cowboy State Daily’s Kate Meadows reports that the company is opting instead to release a statement addressing questions.

“I did talk to City Councilman Pete Laybourne, who expressed disappointment in the decision and said, you know, it's not really fair to lead people on thinking there's going to be this, and then to about face and say no, we're gonna we're gonna do something different. So city council, you know, Pete Laybourne is frustrated. Exie Brown, who's running for a house seat, also expressed disappointment and said, you know, it it sounds like the city is or the board of public utilities is just trying to be careful with their answers and don't necessarily want to be you know blindsided by follow up questions.”

The public outrage over the contamination has built for weeks after the BOPU made the contamination public months after it happened.

I’ll have more news from Cowboy State Daily right after this.

Cowboy State Daily News continues now….

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Why can a project as massive as Microsoft’s planned 3,500-acre expansion avoid Wyoming’s Industrial Siting Council while wind farms and other major industrial facilities usually cannot? Cowboy State Daily’s Renee Jean reports that it’s not a loophole or a data-center-specific workaround. It's state law.

“Some of the folks were clearly under the impression that this is a requirement, and that data centers are somehow illegally skipping that. But it's not the case. It's not illegal. and it's not a loophole, quote unquote. The state law created a carve out for projects that are meeting a certain set of standards by being in a certain zoning. And so if the city creates that zone, then data centers can locate there. They are still subject to the same requirements that they would have been subject to, but they don't have to do an additional step.”

The biggest piece in the package was a 3,500-acre annexation called the Highlands, the largest annexation in Cheyenne history. 

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The judge in state Rep. Bill Allemand's ongoing DUI case may hit his defense attorney with a contempt charge for missing a hearing. Cowboy State Daily’s Clair McFarland reports that the attorney says he “did not intentionally fail to appear” and calls the no-show a scheduling mishap.

“The magistrate Jeremy Kisling is saying to Alaman's attorney Mike Vang, "Hey, you missed a hearing. Get in here and show why I should not hold you in contempt for doing that. Vang said that it was an inadvertent scheduling glitch. The hearing didn't make it on his calendar. He didn't see it at the bottom of the order. In the meantime, Vang and the state's prosecutor Josh Stentis are having kind of a smackdown in the court filings, where Vang is saying that Stensis has deprived him of important evidence, and Stensis has said no. Here's my emails to your secretary.”

Allemand, a Republican from Midwest, Wyoming, was 

 with a DUI, which is a misdemeanor punishable by up to six months in jail and $750 in fines. He’s set for trial Sept. 16th.

Wednesday's headlines include:
* Hageman Votes Against Daylight Saving Time
* Jackson Could Put Housing Complex On Morgue
* Microsoft Can Skip State Review For Data Center Land

Daily Smile: Sunday, September 17, 2023

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